REVIEW Flashcards
hybridization of linear
sp
2 electron groups
hybridization of trigonal planar
sp2
3 e
hybridization of tetrahedral
sp3
4 e
hybridization of trigonal bipyramidal
sp3d
5 e
hybridization of octahedral
sp3d2
6
When is a molecule more stable?
stability increases with bond order
more in bonding
when is a molecule paramagnetic?
when there is an unpaired electron in the MO diagram
how to calculate bond order?
1/2(#e bonding - #e antibonding)
Large band gap?
insulator
small band gap?
conductor
Intermediate band gap?
semiconductor
what are n type semiconductors?
when dopant has one more valence electron than the material in the band
STUFF IN CONDUCTION
what are p type semiconductors?
When dopant has one less valence electron
STUFF IN VALENCE BAND
How are esters formed?
condensation reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols
what are structural isomers?
same amt of C and H but different connectivity
What are geometric isomers?
isomers with double bond that can ROTATE to form different things
what are structural isomers?
same amt of C and H but different connectivity
What are cis isomers?
when atoms are on the same side
What are trans isomers?
atoms on opposite sides
Characteristics of optical isomers?
must be sp3 hybridized with FOUR different groups
Substitution Reactions
Reaction when a group is replaced by another
Addition Reactions
Alkene or alkyne is made into an alkane by breaking the double or triple bond
Elimination reaction
Take out a molecule to make into alkene or alkyne
Oxidation reaction
take out H and add O
Stages for primary alcohol oxidation
Primary alcohol
aldehyde
carboxylic acid
Stages for secondary alcohol oxidation
secondary alcohol
ketone
Reduction reaction
reversal of oxidation
How are amides formed?
condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine
Combustion?
hydrocarbon -> CO2 and Water
Condensation polymer?
Polymers with esters or amides on the polymeric backbone
Addition polymer?
Polymers with carbon bonds as base
monomer must be unsaturated
Which plastic is the only condensation polymer?
Polyethylene terephthalate
number 1
What do amino acids make?
proteins and polypeptides
what are triglycerides made of?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are lipids?
Water insoluble natural products
Dissolve in non-polar solvents.
Relatively non-polar with large segments that are hydrocarbon-like
What is DNA and RNA
nucleic acid
Sugars?
starch and cellulose and polysaccharides
How to identify limiting reactant?
whatever component runs out first
Dilution formula?
MV=MV
What atoms will always make a compound soluble in water?
LI+, Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3-, C2H5O2-
What atoms will always make a compound insoluble>
S2-, CO3 2-, PO4 3- (Unless paired with the soluble atoms)
When is a net ionic equation a reaction?
if aqueous turns to solid liquid or gas
When is a net ionic equation not reactive?
when everything stays aqueous
