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Equine FINAL > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

Normal adult horse urine is acidic or alkaline??

A

Alkaline

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2
Q

Which can cause a false positive reading for protein on a dipstick?

A

protein- herbivores have alkaline urine

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3
Q

What is seen with gentamycin overdose?

A

Granular casts, toxic to renal tubules and causes renal tubular necrosis/tubular intestinal disease

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4
Q

This horse received alfalfa hay from Kansas and is now experiencing the following symptoms:
dysuria, colic, mild neuro signs, hypocalcemia, azotemia. What could be the issue?

A

Cantharidin toxicity (blister beetles)

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5
Q

If a 12 gram tube of Bute was given to a 1000lb horse, what would we see and why?

A

Renal injury because bute inhibits cyclooxygenase which then causes renal papillary necrosis

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6
Q

How does renal papillary necrosis occur?

A

Renal injury from (too much bute for example) or other NSAIDs which inhibit COX-1 and cause renal papillary necrosis

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7
Q

Elevated aminoglycosides in blood= ___ concentration

A

trough concentration

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8
Q

Horses have which e’lyte abnormality with CKD??

A

hypercalcemia

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9
Q

4 year old pony gelding with hematuria after exercise, most likely from what issue??

A

Cystolith most commonly or urolith or urethrolith which can happen but are much more uncommon

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10
Q

Chronic strep equi infection causes what condition?

A

Immune complex glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

Fractional excretion of e’lytes-

A

renal tubules regulate e’lyte concentration

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12
Q

Measure ___ ___ before administering _______ to prevent bony loss in navicular disease (causes renal toxicity)

A

renal function; bisphosphates

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13
Q

Grade ____ systolic murmur on right/left side in older mare is likely from mitral valve

A

5/6 systolic murmur; L side

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14
Q

Describe murmur in horse originating from the mitral valve:

A

Grade 5/6 systolic murmur from the L side

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15
Q

Second degree heart block (AV block) is assoc. with giving what drug?

A

Xylazine

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16
Q

Drug used to convert A fib in horses is….

A

quinidine

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17
Q

a drug that is specific for cardiac muscle damage is..

A

Troponin

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18
Q

____ is a bloodwork measurement specific for muscle injury but not for cardiac muscles specifically

A

CK

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19
Q

Japanese yew causes….

A

Cardiotoxic effects

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20
Q

What plant has cardiotoxic effects?

A

Japanese yew

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21
Q

What best indicates hepatic function in horses?

A

Serum bile acids (specific for HEPATOCYTES)

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22
Q

______ toxicity causes megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis

A

Pyrollizidine alkaloid toxicity

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23
Q

Hepatic enzymes elevated in a 10 month old colt could be due to which process???

A

Alkaline phosphatase, skeletal growth

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24
Q

Tyzzer’s disease….

A
  • Tyzzer’s disease is caused by infection with Clostridium piliforme
  • Foals ages 6 to 45 days are most susceptible.
  • sporadic and rare disease, non-contagious
  • Other species affected include rodents, birds, cats, dogs, cattle, primates, and humans
  • Clinical signs can be indistinguishable from other diseases causing lethargy, recumbency, and seizures in foals.
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25
Q

Blood ammonia concentration is decreased/increased with severe liver disease because of the conversion of ammonia to urea being decreased

A

increased

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26
Q

What is increased with severe liver disease because of the conversion of ammonia to _____ being _____

A

Blood ammonia; urea; decreased

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27
Q

NG tube passed 2 days ago bc patient not ingesting food, what levels should we expect to be abn high since p was anorexic?

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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28
Q

32 year old mini horse with BCS 8/9 was kicked in the mandible, no fx seen but is reluctant to eat. What are we concerned about?

A

Hyperlipemia (anorexia in obese (mini) horses or periparturient mares)

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29
Q

? is similar to hepatic lipidosis but is not the same and is more severe

A

hyperlipemia

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30
Q

Crusty dermatitis affecting the blaze and socks of a mare, yellow flowering plants in the pasture as well (Crotalaria species) =

A

Photosensitization caused by hepatic disease causing dermatitis, NOTT primary photosensitization

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31
Q

Fever, elevated enzymes, neutrophilic inflammation of bile duct without bacteria=

A

Cholangiohepatitis (referring to bile tree, no mineralization/stones present)

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32
Q

Milk thistle seed contains ? which supports…

A

contains sylamarin which supports hepatic function

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33
Q

CVM, CVSM, CSM, and wobblers- what are the two main clinical presentations in these

A

Static-continuous (always regardless of head/neck position), dynamic -intermittent (normal sometimes, positional, intermittent)
related to time

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34
Q

Ataxia and spasticity of compressive lesion in Cervical spine of horse with wobblers- will be worse in what limbs?

A

in the rear limbs because the nerve tracts are more superficial

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35
Q

What is the standard for diagnosis of WNV encephalitis, based on detection of IgM antibodies?

A

Capture ELISA

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36
Q

What is EDM and EMND?

A

EMND- gray matter- atrophy

EDM- white matter- ataxia

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37
Q

What is linked to EDM (equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy)

A

wood preservatives, use of insecticides, and frequent time in dirt lots

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38
Q

Equine shivers-

A

abduction in HL with hyperflexion of the hock when backing up

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39
Q

Equine Stringhault-

A

abduction in hock when moving forward

40
Q

What is the most common Botulism toxin in Midwest and East Coast?

A

Type B

41
Q

Gentamycin contraindicated in animals with ____

A

Botulism

42
Q

____ is C/I in animal with botulism

A

Gentamycin

43
Q

What is used to determine the likelihood of spinal cord compression in wobblers patients?

A

Min sagittal diameter (which is the ratio of spinal cord diameter to vertebral body diameter in the cervical spine)

44
Q

What are 2 neuro conditions associated with vitamin E deficiency?

A

EMND- gray matter- atrophy

EDM- white matter- ataxia

45
Q

CS of encephalitis caused by ____ and more severe than with WEE

A

EEE

46
Q

In N. America, ____ exists in sylvatic (wild animals) involving cycles with ___ and _____

A

EEE; birds and mosquitos

47
Q

Most horses bitten by ____ mosquitos do not develop CS, why?

A

WNV; horses are dead end hosts

48
Q

What drug class is commonly administered to horses with neurotrauma but is associated with negative outcomes in humans?

A

Glucocorticoids

49
Q

What occurs in Arabians and is characterized by degeneration of Purkinje cells?

A

Cerebellar abiotrophy

50
Q

____ increases activity of the NMDA receptor

A

Magnesium

51
Q

Magnesium increases the activity of the ____ receptor

A

NMDA

52
Q

What are the CS associated with Horner’s Syndrome???

A

Miosis, ptosis, regional swelling

53
Q

Polyneuritis equi-

A

intra and extradural lymphocytic and granulomatous inflammation of nerve roots

54
Q

intra and extradural lymphocytic and granulomatous inflammation of nerve roots is termed what?

A

Polyneuritis equi

55
Q

Chondrodysplasia is not seen in horses with ____

A

CVSM

56
Q

What is condrodysplasia?

A

a type of dwarfism affecting bone and cartilage growth (think corgi, dauschund, basset hounds)

57
Q

What horses are more prone to CVSM???

A

Young males eating high diets in carbs and low in calcium, phosph, copper, and zinc

58
Q

What is the best way to diagnose CVM in young TB colts?

A

neuro exam and myelogram (document compression)

59
Q

Horner’s syndrome can be associated with lesions in the gluttural pouch if what CN are involved?

A

CN 9-12

60
Q

Best test to diagnose EPM is ????

A

Antibody ratio of CSF: Blood

61
Q

Antibody ratio of CSF: Blood is the best test for…

A

EPM diagnosis

62
Q

What is a clinical sign that is most compatible with EPM?

A

Asymm. ataxia with focal muscle atrophy

63
Q

TX of EPM should include ___ days of what two drugs?

A

28 days of Ponazuril and diclazuril

64
Q

equine degenerative myeloenchalopathy (EDM) is diagnosed based on….

A

characteristic histo findings in cutaneous and gracilus nuclei

65
Q

Encephalopathic behavior CS are….

A

circling, head pressing, cortical/central blindness, changes in mentation, seizures

66
Q

CN exam in horses vs. small animal–

A

mild bilateral ventral strabismus is normal with horses’ head is elevated

67
Q

Foal knuckling of ____ and dropped ____= radial nerve paralysis

A

fetlock; dropped elbow

68
Q

radial nerve paralysis -

A

dropped elbow and knuckling of the fetlock

69
Q

____ results in neutrophilic inflammation

A

EEE

70
Q

Older Quarter Horse gelding in May NOT shedding his winter coat, slow to heal wounds, and PU/PD =

A

PPID, TRH stim test is used to confirm

71
Q

What test is used to confirm Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)

A

TRH and ACTH stim test (TRH mostly)

72
Q

15 year old donkey with laminitis, regional adiposity (crusty neck), overweight, rings on feet (previous laminitis episodes), very green/lush pasture and has laminitis=

A

EMS, resting insulin conc. test, oral sugar test, or insulin tolerance test needs to be done to confirm.
Carb metabolism dysregulation rather than endocrine disorder

73
Q

What are CS compatible with EPM?

A

Asymm. ataxia and local muscle atrophy

74
Q

What is Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) caused by? How can it be tx???

A

Hyperplasia of the par intermedia of the pituitary, treated by Prascend/peroglide (dopamine receptor agonist)

75
Q

What drug (a human drug) is used for EMS and what is its mech?

A

Metformin for EMS- MOA is decreased absorption of glucose at the level of the intestines, dose is 30mg/kg 30 mins before eating

76
Q

What do we do with a blood sample if we want to test it for Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)??

A

resting ACTH and TRH stim reading, grab a purple tip tube (EDTA) and spin/freeze the sample within FOUR hours of blood collection

77
Q

What is NOT a highly protein bound drug???

A

Cholramphenicol

78
Q

What should we check before assessing patient’s thyroid issues?

A

Iodine levels, seaweed is high in iodine and higher levels of iodine can cause LOW thyroid hormone levels?

79
Q

What med do we use for horse with low thyroid levels?

A

Levothyroxine

80
Q

Older Quarter horse gelding with lack of sweating is likely what condition and how do we test for it?

A

Likely anhidrosis and test for it using the terbutaline sweat test

81
Q

What does L tyrosine do?

A

Ascorbic acid and niacin (One AC) is a precursor for epinephrine production
Supplementation is believed to help increase epi and lead to more sweat production

82
Q

What is a precursor for epinephrine?

A

L-thyrosine (One AC)

83
Q

What has a combination of L-tyrosine, ascorbic acid, and niacin??

A

OneAC

84
Q

Pasture associated laminitis in horses with EMS involves and increased in….

A

insulin like growth factors

85
Q

When treating ? do we make sure to carefully evaluate the foal’s umbilicus?

A

septic arthritis

86
Q

Diagnosis of urine leakage into abdomen is confirmed via….

A

if abdominal fluid creatine : serum ratio is more than 2:1

87
Q

Surgical resection of umbilical structures should be strongly considered in foal with….

A

patient urachus if diameter of umbilical vein is more than 2.6 cm (about an inch)

88
Q

Elevations of serum creatinine and BUN with hyperkalemia in foals =

A

ruptured bladder

89
Q

Method used to restrain foals/too much pressure on the abdomen can cause –

A

patient urachus in foals

90
Q

dental abn in horses of 2-5 years include–

A

incisor maleruption, impacted 108-208 teeth, eruption cysts

91
Q

What supplies the sensory inervention to the maxillary sinus?

A

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

92
Q

What Nerve can we block to block the maxillary arcade and do standing sx?

A

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

93
Q

___ and ___ stimulate the production of HCL

A

Gastrin and histamine

94
Q

Gastrin and histamine stimulate the production of ___

A

HCL

95
Q

What meds decrease prostaglandin production by blocking COX 1 enzyme? What does this lead to?

A

NSAIDs; leads to gastric ulcers

96
Q

What are the 3 highly bound drugs?

A

Sulfonamide abx, glucocorticoids, phenylbutazone “bute”

Equine FINAL (3 decks)

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