REVIEW 1 Flashcards
Purpose of Carbon
Forms foundation for all organic molecules
Purpose of Sulfur
Amino Acids (disulfide bridges in proteins)
Purpose of Phosphorus
Phospholipids, Nucleic Acids, ATP
Purpose of Oxygen
Amino Acids, Aerobic respiration
Purpose of Nitrogen
Amino acids, Nucleic acids, ATP
Purpose of Hydrogen
Amino acids, photosynthesis
Purpose of Sodium
Osmoregulation, action potentials, Sodium/Potassium pumps
Purpose of Calcium
Muscle Contraction
Purpose of Iron
In Cytochromes (electron transport chain), hemoglobin
Thermal Properties of Water
Due to hydrogen bonding
High specific heat: stabilizes environments for life
High heat of vaporization: evaporative cooling for organisms (sweat, transpiration)
Cohesive and Adhesive Properties
Due to Hydrogen Bonding
High Surface Tension: Organisms live on surface/maintains lung structure (pleural membranes)
Transport in plants: Hydrogen Bonds ‘stick’ water together (cohesion) and to other substances (adhesion - such of xylem walls) - allows movement of water through plants (transpiration)
Solvent properties
Due to polarity
Water is universal solvent
Dissolves and transports polar/hydrophilic substances (like sap and blood)
Medium for metabolic reactions (glycolysis, DNA replication, transcription and translation, etc…)
Condensation vs Hydrolysis
Condensation: Creating LARGER molecules - PRODUCES water
Hydrolysis: break molecules apart (slice and dice) - USES water
Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells
Photoreceptor cells for Stargardt’s Disease
Skin Cells for burn victims
Purpose of Plasmids
Store additional DNA
Purpose of Capsule in Prokaryotic Cells
Protection from dehydration
Purpose of pili
Attachment
Purpose of Flagellum
Motility
Purpose of Lysosomes
ANIMALS ONLY
Slice and dice
Purpose of Centrioles
Assemble microtubules
Cell division
Motility
Purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Hormone production, detoxification, lipid protection
Purpose of Golgi Apparatus
Collection, Storage, Shipping of Cellular materials
Purpose of Vacuoles
Storage of nutrients (VERY large in plants)
Outermost Part of Bacgeria
Cell Wall made of peptidoglycan
Outermost part of Fungi
Cell wall made of chitin
Outermost part of Yeast
Cell wall made of glucan and mannan
Outermost part of Algae/plants
Cell wall made of cellulose
Outermost part of animal cells
ONLY cell membrane - surrounded by glycoproteins that form extracellular matrix
Phospholipid bilayer
HydroPHOBIC tails
HydroPHILIC heads
Has peripheral, channel, carrier, and glyco proteins
ALSO cholesterol
Functions of Membrane Proteins
TRACIE
Transport (active/facilitated)
Receptors (hormones)
Anchorage (for cytoskeleton and to ECM)
Cell recognition/identification (glycoproteins/antigens)
Intercellular connections (plasmodesmata)
Enzymatic Activity (metabolic reactions)
Types of Transport
Diffusion: molecules move from higher to lower concentration
Osmosis: Diffusion of water to balance solute concentrations
Facilitated Diffusion: Specific protein channels that change shape
Active Transport: Sodium/potassium pump that maintains resting potential (AGAINST concentration gradient)
Why do cells divide?
TOAD
Tissue repair/replacement
Organism growth
Asexual Reproduction
Development (embryonic)
ALSO WHEN SA/V RATIO IS TOO SMALL**
Proteins that control cell cycle
Cyclins
Peak at different times
First cell origins
Abiogenesis
1. There was non-living synthesis of simple organic compounds
2. These simple organic compounds became more complex polymers
3. Some polymers became self-replicating (enabling inheritance)
4. These molecules became packaged in membranes (protobionts)
Mutagens
Radiation and Chemicals
Types of Tumors
Benign tumors = remain at original site or contained in membrane
Malignant tumors = invading surrounding tissue
Metastatic tumors = in blood; travel to other parts of body and form
secondary tumors
