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REVIEW 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Purpose of Carbon

A

Forms foundation for all organic molecules

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2
Q

Purpose of Sulfur

A

Amino Acids (disulfide bridges in proteins)

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3
Q

Purpose of Phosphorus

A

Phospholipids, Nucleic Acids, ATP

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4
Q

Purpose of Oxygen

A

Amino Acids, Aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Purpose of Nitrogen

A

Amino acids, Nucleic acids, ATP

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6
Q

Purpose of Hydrogen

A

Amino acids, photosynthesis

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7
Q

Purpose of Sodium

A

Osmoregulation, action potentials, Sodium/Potassium pumps

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8
Q

Purpose of Calcium

A

Muscle Contraction

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9
Q

Purpose of Iron

A

In Cytochromes (electron transport chain), hemoglobin

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10
Q

Thermal Properties of Water

A

Due to hydrogen bonding
High specific heat: stabilizes environments for life
High heat of vaporization: evaporative cooling for organisms (sweat, transpiration)

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11
Q

Cohesive and Adhesive Properties

A

Due to Hydrogen Bonding
High Surface Tension: Organisms live on surface/maintains lung structure (pleural membranes)
Transport in plants: Hydrogen Bonds ‘stick’ water together (cohesion) and to other substances (adhesion - such of xylem walls) - allows movement of water through plants (transpiration)

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12
Q

Solvent properties

A

Due to polarity
Water is universal solvent
Dissolves and transports polar/hydrophilic substances (like sap and blood)
Medium for metabolic reactions (glycolysis, DNA replication, transcription and translation, etc…)

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13
Q

Condensation vs Hydrolysis

A

Condensation: Creating LARGER molecules - PRODUCES water
Hydrolysis: break molecules apart (slice and dice) - USES water

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14
Q

Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells

A

Photoreceptor cells for Stargardt’s Disease
Skin Cells for burn victims

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15
Q

Purpose of Plasmids

A

Store additional DNA

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16
Q

Purpose of Capsule in Prokaryotic Cells

A

Protection from dehydration

17
Q

Purpose of pili

A

Attachment

18
Q

Purpose of Flagellum

A

Motility

19
Q

Purpose of Lysosomes

A

ANIMALS ONLY
Slice and dice

20
Q

Purpose of Centrioles

A

Assemble microtubules
Cell division
Motility

21
Q

Purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Hormone production, detoxification, lipid protection

22
Q

Purpose of Golgi Apparatus

A

Collection, Storage, Shipping of Cellular materials

23
Q

Purpose of Vacuoles

A

Storage of nutrients (VERY large in plants)

24
Q

Outermost Part of Bacgeria

A

Cell Wall made of peptidoglycan

25
Q

Outermost part of Fungi

A

Cell wall made of chitin

26
Q

Outermost part of Yeast

A

Cell wall made of glucan and mannan

27
Q

Outermost part of Algae/plants

A

Cell wall made of cellulose

28
Q

Outermost part of animal cells

A

ONLY cell membrane - surrounded by glycoproteins that form extracellular matrix

29
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

HydroPHOBIC tails
HydroPHILIC heads
Has peripheral, channel, carrier, and glyco proteins
ALSO cholesterol

30
Q

Functions of Membrane Proteins

A

TRACIE
Transport (active/facilitated)
Receptors (hormones)
Anchorage (for cytoskeleton and to ECM)
Cell recognition/identification (glycoproteins/antigens)
Intercellular connections (plasmodesmata)
Enzymatic Activity (metabolic reactions)

31
Q

Types of Transport

A

Diffusion: molecules move from higher to lower concentration
Osmosis: Diffusion of water to balance solute concentrations
Facilitated Diffusion: Specific protein channels that change shape
Active Transport: Sodium/potassium pump that maintains resting potential (AGAINST concentration gradient)

32
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

TOAD
Tissue repair/replacement
Organism growth
Asexual Reproduction
Development (embryonic)
ALSO WHEN SA/V RATIO IS TOO SMALL**

33
Q

Proteins that control cell cycle

A

Cyclins
Peak at different times

34
Q

First cell origins

A

Abiogenesis
1. There was non-living synthesis of simple organic compounds
2. These simple organic compounds became more complex polymers
3. Some polymers became self-replicating (enabling inheritance)
4. These molecules became packaged in membranes (protobionts)

35
Q

Mutagens

A

Radiation and Chemicals

36
Q

Types of Tumors

A

Benign tumors = remain at original site or contained in membrane
Malignant tumors = invading surrounding tissue
Metastatic tumors = in blood; travel to other parts of body and form
secondary tumors

Bio (8 decks)

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