REVEL CH 2

Question 1

what is process in which a cell duplicates DNA strand and divides into two cells

a. gene expression
b. meiosis
c. polygenic inheritance
d. mitosis

Answer 1

d. mitosis

Question 2

fragile x is typical of genetic disorders involving

a. more severe effects in girls because they have two x chromosomes
b. no noticeable effect on patients life making it difficult to diagnose
c. silencing of a gene critical to normal development
d. building up of x chromosome causing it to block other chromosomes

Answer 2

c. silencing of a gene critical to normal development

Question 3

behavioural expression of disorder pku means one must inherit a recessive combination of alleles and

a. be exposed to a negative social environment
b. an x-linked trait
c. be exposed to phenylalanine in diet
d. a neurocognitive deficit

Answer 3

c. be exposed to phenylalanine in diet

Question 4

when many genes act together

a. mitosis
b. polygenic
c. a phenotype
d. meiosis

Answer 4

b. polygenic

Question 5

increased risk of having a baby with down syndrome is for mothers who are

a. between 25 and 34
b. white
c. between 18 and 24
d. over 35

Answer 5

d. over 35

Question 6

one problem in determining meaning of extremely high correlations of cognitive ability scores of identical twins is that they share genes and a common environment. what design that gets around this limitation

a. study of identical twins reared apart and reunited
b. study of fraternal twins reared apart
c. an intervention attempting to raise cognitive ability of twins
d. study of parents of identical twins

Answer 6

a. study of identical twins reared apart and reunited

Question 7

which definitions corresponds to the term segregating genes

a. structures containing DNA strands
b. particular combination of alleles present in an individual
c. genes that have different alleles and hence can produce variation among people
d. fertilized ovum containing full complement of chromosomes from mother and father

Answer 7

c. genes that have different alleles and hence can produce variation among people

Question 8

variability of IQ in children is found to be about half attributable to genetic differences. about __________ is attributable to variation in shared environment and __________ is attributable to variation in non-shared environment

a. 48 percent and 52 percent
b. 25 percent and 15 percent
c. 64 percent and 62 percent
d. 22 percent and 50 percent

Answer 8

b. 25 percent and 15 percent

Question 9

heritability of intelligence __________ with age and contribution of shared environment to variations in intelligence __________ with age

a. decreases and increases
b. decreases and also decreases
c. increases and also increases
d. increases and decreases

Answer 9

d. increases and decreases

Question 10

children of immigrant parents in which nutrition was inadequate often grow up to be taller than parents. taller parents among the immigrant group tend to have taller children. this indicates that

a eating adequate amounts of food is a strong genetic trait
b. height is not heritable
c. without adequate nutrition genes tend not to express at all
d. expression of genes depends partly on environment

Answer 10

d. expression of genes depends partly on environment

Question 11

passive gene environment correlations are

a. those in which individuals seek out or create environments correlated with genetic predispositions
b. likely to increase between childhood and adulthood
c. present when a child is adopted into a family to which they are not genetically related
d. present from childhood and correlated with family environment

Answer 11

d. present from childhood and correlated with family environment

Question 12

higher cognitive ability at age 2 was correlated with parents providing more cognitive stimulation at age 4 taking into account parents tendency to provide cognitive stimulation at age 2. this provides evidence for

a. active gene–environment effects
b. a pure environmental influence of parents on children
c. passive gene–environment effects
d. evocative gene–environment effects

Answer 12

d. evocative gene-environment effects

Question 13

a gene–environment interaction occurred when levels of maltreatment were associated with different outcomes for children with different

a. genotypes
b. phenotypes
c. personalities
d. gametes

Answer 13

a. genotypes

Question 14

experiments by weaver and meaney used a technique called cross-fostering to provide direct evidence that early experience can modify __________ in rats

a. gene expression
b. environment
c. selective breeding
d. epigenesis

Answer 14

a. gene expression

Question 15

one mechanism which experience can get under skin is epigenesis

a. experience stabilizes and solidifies way brain responds to stress
b. experience leads individuals to associate stressful experiences with certain stimuli through classical conditioning
c. experience causes mutations in genes that control whether other genes are expressed
d. experience modifies chemicals that partially control whether genes are expressed

Answer 15

d. experience modifies chemicals that partially control whether genes are expressed

Question 16

in gottliebs model probabilistic aspect of development refers to idea that characteristics of organisms at any point in their development

a. are completely determined by environment operating on behaviour
b.are determined by genetic and environmental factors and interaction of such factors but not with absolute certainty
c. are completely determined by genes operating on brain development
d. are determined by genetic mutations that are probabilistic

Answer 16

b.are determined by genetic and environmental factors and interaction of such factors but not with absolute certainty

Question 17

developmental systems model includes both influences of species typical genes and influences of

a. rare genetic disorders
b. typical environmental influences
c. a species typical rearing environment
d. prenatal environment but not postnatal environment

Answer 17

c. a species typical rearing environment

Question 18

because of relatively rapid increases in obesity change likely stems from

a. genetic makeup of americans
b. exosystems of families only
c. microsystems of children only
d. environment or environmental contexts

Answer 18

d. environment or environmental contexts

Question 19

changes to fast food restaurants would be considered a __________ influence whereas a parent who lets child decide to select an extra large fries is considered a __________ influence

a. genotypical and phenotypical
b. exosystem and macrosystem
c. microsystem and macrosystem
d. distal and proximal

Answer 19

d. distal and proximal

Question 20

sex of offspring is determined

a. at fertilization by 23rd chromosome pair
b. by which ovum (x or y) sperm penetrates
c. by any of several sperm cells that simultaneously penetrate ovum
d. by genes located on several of the chromosomes

Answer 20

a. at fertilization by 23rd chromosome pair

Question 21

when genes switch on or off during development this refers to

a. whether there is a disorder (on) or not (off)
b. whether they contain correct DNA sequence inherited from parent (on) or not (off)
c. whether they make proteins (on) or not (off)
d. whether they cause a disease (off) or not (on)

Answer 21

c. whether they make proteins (on) or not (off)

Question 22

when one has a disorder but effects of disorder on the brain are lessened by some factor (such as sex—male or female). these are effects on

a. DNA sequence
b. gene mutation
c. environment
d. gene expression

Answer 22

d. gene expression

Question 23

a dominant gene for a disorder such as gene for huntingtons disease

a. can be inherited only from father
b. is expressed regardless of whether gene from other parent is dominant or recessive
c. can be inherited only if both parents carry gene
d. can be inherited only from mother

Answer 23

b. is expressed regardless of whether gene from other parent is dominant or recessive

Question 24

inheritance pattern in most single gene disorders in human beings is

a. recessive
b. via chromosomal errors
c. x-linked
d. dominant

Answer 24

a. recessive

Question 25

most common cause of down syndrome is an extra 21st chromosome

a. in a parent older than 35
b. in ovum
c. in sperm cell
d. in a father over 35

Answer 25

b. in ovum

Question 26

pattern of findings in family studies (higher correlations for iq scores among relatives genetically more similar)

a. reveals neither genes nor environment strongly influence iq
b. generally supports a small role for environment in human psychological traits
c. generally supports a small role for heredity in human psychological traits
d. supports influences of both genes and environment

Answer 26

d. supports influences of both genes and environment

Question 27

which term refers to proportion of variation of a trait within population that can be attributed to variation in gene expression

a. gene expression
b. polygenic inheritance
c. heritability
d. segregating genes

Answer 27

c. heritability

Question 28

in many developmental and mental disorders heritability is between 70 percent and 90 percent. this means

a. shared environment makes up the remaining 10 to 30 percent
b. disorder is generally worse than disorders with lower heritability
c. there is still room for an impact of environment
d. non-shared environment generally makes up remaining 10 to 30 percent

Answer 28

c. there is still room for an impact of environment

Question 29

in colorado adoption study correlation in adolescence between iq scores of biological parents and adopted-away children was __________ correlation between adoptive parents and adopted children

a. lower than
b. much lower than
c. higher than
d. same as

Answer 29

c. higher than

Question 30

a child who is adopted by parents who are not frequent readers keeps showing an interest in reading so adoptive parents respond by getting child a library card and reading along with child to help him. this is an example of one factor that has been proposed as a limitation to behaviour genetics approach. the factor that best fits here is

a. gene–environment interaction
b. gene–environment correlation
c. environmental impact on genetic expression
d. high heritability of reading skill and interest

Answer 30

b. gene–environment correlation

Question 31

a child impresses her science teacher with her high interest in science and quick learning of science. teacher chooses her to prepare an exhibit for district wide science fair. this most likely represents

a. an active gene–environment correlation
b. a passive gene–environment correlation
c. both evocative and active gene–environment correlations
d. an evocative gene–environment correlation

Answer 31

c. both evocative and active gene–environment correlations

Question 32

relationship between parental stimulation at age 2 and child cognitive ability at age 4 was found to be

a. an environmental influence
b. an instance of gene expression
c. a genetic influence
d. an instance of an evocative gene–environment correlation

Answer 32

a. an environmental influence

Question 33

scientists identify shyness gene in children but not in all cases. children with this gene were more likely to withdraw from social situations when subjected to stress of moving to a new school than when they stayed in same school. in contrast children without gene showed no difference in social withdrawal in the two types of situations. this example fits most closely to the concept of

a. a gene–environment interaction
b. an active gene–environment correlation
c. a strong effect of environment on behaviour
d. an evocative gene–environment correlation

Answer 33

a. a gene–environment interaction

Question 34

in experiments with nurturant and non-nurturant rats one way epigenesis works is by attaching chemicals called __________ to DNA which tends to reduce expression of certain genes

a. chromosomes
b. atcg
c. methyl groups
d. RNA

Answer 34

c methyl groups

Question 35

according to gottliebs developmental systems model if one twin has schizophrenia only 41 percent to 65 percent of identical twins have disorder indicating

a. genetic influences on schizophrenia are very small
b. gene for schizophrenia could have been turned on by stressful experiences in environment for one member of a twin pair but not for other in some cases
c. twins must not have shared gene for schizophrenia
d.influences on schizophrenia are not bidirectional

Answer 35

b. gene for schizophrenia could have been turned on by stressful experiences in environment for one member of a twin pair but not for other in some cases

Question 36

higher obesity rates are present in poor families living in inner city. using bronfenbrenners bioecological model this is likely due to

a. a great interest among children of poor families in playing video games rather than outdoor sports
b. influences at both microsystem and exosystem levels
c. genetic differences between poor and middle class families in proneness to obesity
d. working parents cooking unhealthy food rather than relying on portion control provided by prepared foods

Answer 36

b. influences at both microsystem and exosystem levels

Question 37

understanding interactions between biology and environment is complicated by

a. fact that behaviour genetics studies have not been as rigorous or complete in measuring genes as they have been in measuring environment
b. fact that these two influences are intertwined and should no longer be studied as influences on development
c. interplay of genes and chromosomes
d. fact that environmental contexts have multiple levels of potential influence on child

Answer 37

d. fact that environmental contexts have multiple levels of potential influence on child