REVEL CH 1

Question 1

which is something developmental theories achieve

a. provides practical guidance to scientists in designing studies
b. predicts behaviour over time or explains behaviour in a given set of conditions
c. describes developmental changes in behaviour or thinking
d. explains common observations using diverse concepts

Answer 1

b. predicts behaviour over time or explains behaviour in a given set of conditions

Question 2

a sensitive period is a time in development when

a. childrens behaviour can be recorded in a structured situation
b. ego begins to develop
c. bundles of neural fibres form connections between neurons in brain
d. development of organism is most susceptible to environmental stimulation

Answer 2

d. development of organism is most susceptible to environmental stimulation

Question 3

which of the stages is part of eriksons focus on psychosocial crises

a. superego
b. ego
c. psychosexual
d. identity crisis

Answer 3

d. identity crisis

Question 4

a child watches her older brother throw a ball and imitates his throwing motion. later her father praises her for an improved throw. these are examples of __________ and __________

a. operant conditioning and classical conditioning
b. observational learning and positive reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement and classically conditioned response
d. negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement

Answer 4

b. observational learning and positive reinforcement

Question 5

according to piaget cognitive development can be organized into a series of qualitatively different __________ that come about due to qualitative changes over time in __________

a. observations and reinforcement
b. stages and schemes
c. outcomes and tools
d. adaptations and social factors

Answer 5

b. stages and schemes

Question 6

an important concept in information processing theory is the __________ which exerts control over which strategies to use in particular situations

a. childrens imitation of others
b. childs exploration of the environment
c. social and cultural context
d. central executive

Answer 6

d. central executive

Question 7

in the bioecological model of development indirect influences on children such as those stemming from parents workplace are identified as part of an ecological system called

a. exosystem
b. mesosystem
c. microsystem
d. macrosystem

Answer 7

a. exosystem

Question 8

videotaping mother infant interactions in home and analyzing frequency of vocalizations directed by infant to mother are examples of an __________ observation whereas asking mothers to show infants a picture book and recording number of infant vocalizations is an example of an __________

a. reliable and standardized test
b. ethnographic and structured observation
c. valid and norm
d. naturalistic and structured observation

Answer 8

d. naturalistic and structured observation

Question 9

negative correlation between length of stay in an institution and later cognitive scores __________

a. indicates staying in institution longer caused cognitive scores to decrease over time
b. means longer stays were associated with higher cognitive scores
c. was most likely due to a third factor such as children who stayed longer in institution were likely to have brain damage and thus lower cognitive scores
d. means longer stays were associated with lower cognitive scores

Answer 9

d. means longer stays were associated with lower cognitive scores

Question 10

in bucharest early intervention project cognitive ability was an __________ and the group (never institutionalized, care as usual, and foster care) was an __________

a. dependent variable and independent variable
b. independent variable and dependent variable
c. experimental condition and long term intervention
d. dependent variable and valid variable

Answer 10

a. dependent variable and independent variable

Question 11

in addition to providing direct data on changes in behaviour or cognitive ability with age longitudinal studies yield information about __________

a. consequences of early experience
b. cohort effects
c. trends in behaviour across generations
d. causal directions of effects

Answer 11

a. consequences of early experience

Question 12

investigators in bucharest early intervention project asked caregivers or parents for permission to enroll children in study. what is this process called

a. debriefing
b. confidentiality
c. informed consent
d. institutional review

Answer 12

c. informed consent

Question 13

paediatricians, psychiatrists, nurses and occupational therapists are all examples of which category of professions involving children

a. psychologists and researchers
b. policy makers
c. healthcare professionals
d. educators

Answer 13

c. healthcare professionals

Question 14

term for patterns of growth and change in behaviour, thinking or emotions over time

a. stages
b. learning
c. development
d. evolution

Answer 14

c. development

Question 15

according to evolutionary developmental theory emergence of social emotions and social behaviour such as play evolved because of survival value of

a. classical conditioning
b. imprinting
c. getting along within social group
d. positive reinforcement

Answer 15

c. getting along within the social group

Question 16

institutionalized children having better outcomes when adopted before 12 months is an example of

a. shaping
b. observational learning
c. a sensitive period
d. a scheme

Answer 16

c. a sensitive period

Question 17

in bowlbys theory cute facial expressions made by baby are among many behaviours contributing to maintaining __________ caregiver

a. proximity to
b. positive reinforcement from
c. white matter tracts with
d. contact with

Answer 17

a. proximity to

Question 18

an enduring contribution of freuds theory is his proposal that difficulties in __________ contribute to later development

a. toilet training
b. becoming conditioned to environment
c. imprinting
d. early experience

Answer 18

d. early experience

Question 19

in contrast to freud erikson thought main issue for toddlers was not toilet training but __________

a. achieving autonomy from parent
b. developing a secure attachment to parent
c. ego development
d. imprinting on parent

Answer 19

a. achieving autonomy from parent

Question 19

a child adopted from orphanage continues to show a negative reaction to being placed in a crib for several months after being adopted into a supportive and loving home. this might be an __________ response learned from months of stressful experiences spent in her crib at the orphanage

a. attachment
b. classically conditioned
c. observational learning
d. operant conditioned

Answer 19

b. classically conditioned

Question 20

according to piaget contrast in thinking between infancy and early childhood involves a transition from thinking about world exclusively in terms of sensory impressions and motor actions to thinking about world in terms of __________

a. schemes
b. logical operations
c. formulating and testing hypotheses
d. symbols

Answer 20

d. symbols

Question 21

according to researchers following up on vygotskys ideas adult guidance of children in western cultures is heavily verbal whereas children in traditional societies depend a lot more on a process of __________

a. observation and imitation of adults
b. using strategies
c. using nonverbal representations such as pictures to communicate
d. creating mental symbols of what adults are doing

Answer 21

a. observation and imitation of adults

Question 22

cognitive developmental neuroscientists use mri and other methods to determine how __________ changes with age

a. cognitive ability
b. sensitivity to the environment
c. behaviour
d. brain structure or function

Answer 22

d. brain structure or function

Question 23

information processing theories use computers as an analogy for the human brain. for example a change in information processing -hardware- might be __________ whereas an example of a change in -software- might be __________

a. increases in working memory capacity and increases in use of strategies
b. increases in working memory capacity and maturation of white matter tracks
c. increases in use of strategies and use of more sophisticated schemes
d. increases in executive control and increases in working memory capacity

Answer 23

a. increases in working memory capacity and increases in use of strategies

Question 24

parents at preschool talk to arrange a play date between children at park. in bioecological model these interactions would be part of the _________

a. mesosystem
b. microsystem
c. exosystem
d. chronosystem

Answer 24

a. mesosystem

Question 25

a standardized test is __________ if scores are consistent across different test occasions

a. valid
b. structured
c. reliable
d. normative

Answer 25

c. reliable

Question 26

multiple regression is a data analysis technique enabling researchers to evaluate relative strength of association between many __________ and a __________

a. observations and child outcome
b. standardized tests and child outcome
c. independent variables and dependent variable
d. cohort effects and microgenetic design

Answer 26

c. independent variables and dependent variable

Question 27

in banduras bobo doll experiment how did children behave after seeing adults behave aggressively toward bobo doll

a. children were more aggressive toward bobo doll but subsequent studies did not bear this finding
b. children who had observed adult playing aggressively with toys were aggressive toward toys
c. children were more likely to be aggressive toward bobo doll in the laboratory
d. children became aggressive in daily lives.

Answer 27

c. children were more likely to be aggressive toward bobo doll in the laboratory

Question 28

an advantage of cross sectional over longitudinal studies is

a. absence of cohort effects
b. direct information about causal relationships among variables
c. superior information about changes with age
d. less costly and time consuming

Answer 28

d. less costly and time consuming

Question 29

in a hybrid design either cross sectional or longitudinal data is collected from two different samples of children obtained at different times. this design enables researchers to test for __________

a. whether cross sectional designs are better than longitudinal designs
b. age effects
c. intervention effects
d. cohort effects

Answer 29

d. cohort effects

Question 30

requirement data collected on children and families remain confidential means that __________

a. data on individuals must be known only to investigators unless someone in authority asks for data
b. participants can never be told true nature of study
c. data on individuals must be accessible only to investigators and not to people outside the study
d. parents and children must be made aware of risks and benefits of the research

Answer 30

c. data on individuals must be accessible only to investigators and not to people outside the study

Question 31

which categories of professionals are responsible for bulk of research publications on child and adolescent development

a. educational professionals
b. social policy professionals
c. health professionals
d. psychologists and researchers

Answer 31

d. psychologists and researchers

Question 32

which ethical guideline for research with children says researchers should use least stressful procedures whenever possible

a. deception and debriefing
b. informed consent
c. confidentiality
d. nonharmful procedures

Answer 32

d. nonharmful procedures