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module 104 - theme 3 > retroperitoneal organs - posterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

retroperitoneal organs - posterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

what is the retroperitoneal space?

A
  • space within the abdominopelvic cavity

- space is posterior to the parietal peritoneum

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2
Q

where do primary organs and structures develop?

A

retroperitoneally

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3
Q

where do secondary organs and structures develop?

A

intraperitoneally then become retroperitoneal

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4
Q

what organs and structures are retroperitoneal?

A
  • pancreas
  • oesophagus
  • aorta & IVC
  • rectum
  • duodenum
  • ureter
  • colon
  • kidneys
  • suprarenal (adrenal) glands

PEAR DUCKS

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5
Q

what does the urinary system do?

A

produces and excretes urine

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6
Q

what is the order of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureter
  • bladder
  • urethra
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7
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

on the posterior abdominal wall from T12-L3

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8
Q

what are the function of the kidneys?

A
  • regulating blood: ionic composition, pH, volume and pressure
  • hormone production
  • excretion of waste
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9
Q

how much cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

20%

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10
Q

what are the 2 regions of the kidney?

A
  • cortex: glomerulus

- medulla: collecting ducts

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11
Q

how does the function relate to the structure of the kidneys?

A
  • blood is filtered at the glomerulus
  • selective absorption of ions and water occurs
  • urine is passed into the ureters
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12
Q

what methods do you use for renal imaging?

A
  • contrast radiography
  • CT
  • MRI

all due to soft tissues

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13
Q

what are the general causes of renal pain?

A
  • stretching capsule, due to increased internal pressure

- spasm of smooth muscle of the renal replvis

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14
Q

where is renal pain generally referred to?

A

cutaneous area of T12 which is the territory of the subcostal nerve

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15
Q

what happens with a renal transplant?

A
  • implanted kidney is inserted into iliac fossa
  • accessed via an incision over and parallel to the inguinal ligament
  • vessels are then anastomosed
  • a ureterocystostomy is then done straight into bladder
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16
Q

where are the renal artery and vein anastomosed in a kidney transplant?

A
  • renal artery to external iliac artery

- renal vein to external iliac vein

17
Q

what are the most common kidney malformations?

A
  • bilateral/unilateral renal angenesis
  • supernumerary kidneys
  • renal fusion
  • ectopic kidney
  • simply/polycystic kidney
18
Q

what is the shape of the right adrenal gland?

A

pyramidal

19
Q

what is the shape of the left adrenal gland?

A

semilunar

20
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

above the kidneys (supra)

21
Q

what do the 2 regions of the adrenal glands secrete?

A
  • cortex: corticosteroids, sex hormones

- medulla: adrenaline

22
Q

what are the neuromuscular supplies of the adrenal glands?

A
  • superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
  • suprarenal veins
  • abdominopelvic nerve (greater, less and least splanchnic)
23
Q

why do the adrenal glands have an extensive blood supply?

A

it is an endocrine gland

24
Q

what is the ureter?

A

a muscular tube to conver urine to the bladder

25
Q

how do kidney stones form in the ureter?

A

calculi become lodged in the ureter preventing urine flow

26
Q

what are the 3 most narrow points of the ureter?

A
  • pelviureteric junction
  • crossing iliac vessels/pelvic brim
  • enteric bladder
27
Q

what imaging is used for kidney stones?

A
  • plain film radiographs

- CT urography

28
Q

what is renal colic?

A
  • pain caused by peristaltic movement of ureters trying to move the kidney stone
  • generally felt in waves but can be felt on skin
29
Q

what is the standard treatment for kidney stones?

A

shock wave lithotripsy

30
Q

what is the bladder?

A

a distensible muscle sac which acts as a reservoir for urine

31
Q

what is the urethra?

A

a muscular dict which conveys urine from the bladder to the external environment and serves a reproductive purpose in males

32
Q

what are the approximate lengths of the urethras in males and females?

A
  • male: around 25cm

- female: around 4cm

module 104 - theme 3 (13 decks)

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