retrieval failure : forgetting in long term memory Flashcards
what is retrieval failure ?
when we forget information due to the absense of cues
what are the 2 types of cues?
context dependant cues
state dependent cues
what are context dependent cues?
environmental cues they are external
e.g a room, smell, group of people
what are state dependent cues ?
internal cues inside of us related to our mood and psychological state
e,g being sad or drunk
what is context dependent forgetting
when the environment during recall is different from the environment you were in when learning
what is state dependent forgetting?
when your mood or physiological state during recall is different from the mood you were in when learning.
what was the procedure of godden and baddeleys study?
18 divers were asked to learn lists of 36 words
4 conditions:
learn on beach recall on beach
learn on beach recall underwater
learn underwater recall on beach
learn underwater recall underwater
what were the conditions of godden and baddeleys study?
4 conditions:
learn on beach recall on beach
learn on beach recall underwater
learn underwater recall on beach
learn underwater recall underwater
what were the results of godden and baddeleys study
learnt on beach recall on beach 13.5 words
learnt on beach recall underwater 8.6 words
learnt underwater recall on beach 8.5 words
learnt under water recall under water 11.4 words
what was the average number of words recalled when learning on beach and recalling on beach?
13.5
what was the average number of words recalled when learning on beach and recalling underwater?
8.5
what was the average number of words recalled when learning underwater and recalling on beach?
8.5
what was the average number of words recalled when learning underwater and recalling underwater ?
11.4
what was the conclusion of godden and baddeley?
environment acts as a memory cue and we are more likely to recall information when we are in the same environment that we learnt the information in
does godden and baddeleys study have ecological validity ?
its not everyday that we are asked to recall lists of words and recall/ learn underwater so it lacks ecological validity
there was also meaningless material used in lists so it may have decreased recall
however it may link to memory in divers
does godden and baddeley have control over extraneous variables ?
control over word list used
no control over environment as it was a natural environment
what other factors could have affected recall in godden and baddeleys study?
a persons memory
noise e.g seagulls
temperature of water
is there any study that found similar results to godden and baddeley
abernathy- students performed better in tests if the tests took place in the same room as the learning of material had taken place
and administered by the same person that taught them the information
what is godden and baddeleys study evidence for ?
context dependent fogetting
what study supports state dependent forgetting?
goodwin et al
what was the procedure of goodwin et als study?
48 male medical students
group1: sober both days
group 2: intoxicated both days
group 3 : intoxicated day 1 sober day 2
group 4 : sober on day 1 intoxicated on day 2
all ps showed signs of intoxication all had 100ml alcohol in blood
what were the 4 tests that ps had to do in goodwin et als study?
avoidance task
picture recognition
association test
verbal rote learning task
what were the results of goodwin et al?
more errors were made on day 2 in the intoxicated day 1 sober day 2 and sober day 1 intoxicated day 2 conditions
compared to in the intoxicated or sober both day conditions
but this was not the case for picture recognition task
the sober on both days ps performed best in all tasks
what is the conclusion of goodwin et al?
state acts as a memory cue and we are more likely to recall information when we are in the same state that we learnt it in
what are the weaknesses of goodwins study?
may have demand characteristics- all ps showed signs of intoxication but they were all given 100ml of alcohol. this could be due to demand chatracteristics as ps could have different tolerances and acted drunk as they had figuired out the aim of the study. may have tried to please the researcher or sabotage
ecological validity-lacks as it isnt everyday that someone is drunk and it is unlikely that someone would be drunk 2 days in a row
protection from harm: purposely intoxicated and alcohol is morally wrong
what are the strengths of goodwin et al?
reliability : study can be replicated due to high control and see if the same results are found
high control : same volume of alcohol consumed was controlled (100ml)
and tasks were controlled
demand characteristics in goodwins study
may have demand characteristics- all ps showed signs of intoxication but they were all given 100ml of alcohol. this could be due to demand chatracteristics as ps could have different tolerances and acted drunk as they had figuired out the aim of the study. may have tried to please the researcher or sabotage
does goodwins study have ecological validity ?
lacks EV as it isnt everyday that someone is drunk and it is unlikely that someone would be drunk 2 days in a row
did goodwins study break the ethic protection from ham?
yes
purposely intoxicated and alcohol is morally wrong
