Multi Store Model of Memory Flashcards
what is the capacity of sensory memory?
very large
what is the duration of sensory memory?
500 milliseconds visual
2-3 seconds auditory
What is the coding for sensory memory?
sense specific
what is the capacity of short term memory?
5-9 items
what is the duration of short term memory?
18- 30 seconds
what is coding in short term memory?
mainly acoustic
what is the capacity of long term memory?
unlimited
what is the duration of long term memory?
up to a lifetime
what is the coding in long term memory?
mainly semantically
who found the capacity of sensory memory?
sperling
who found the duration of sensory memory?
crowder
who found coding in sensory memory?
crowder
who found the capacity of STM?
miller
who found the duration of STM?
peterson and peterson
Who found the coding for STM?
baddeley
Who found the capacity of LTM?
wagenaar
who found the duration of LTM?
bahrick
Who found the coding of LTM?
Baddeley
what did Sperling do in his experiment to find the capacity of sensory memory?
tachistoscope
sperling put 12 letters on a grid and displayed them for 50miliseconds
ps could only recall around 4 symbols but reported seeing more than 4 symbols on the grid
What was millers study on capacity of short term memory?
used a digit span technique
asked ps to immediately recall numbers after him
score = number of digits they could correctly recall
capacity can be increased by chunking
what is chunking?
putting large amounts of information into smaller more managable chunks
it can increase capacity of STM
what was peterson and petersons experiment on duration of STM?
gave ps trigrams to remember
had to recall them in delays of 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds
they were asked to count backwards in 3s to prevent recall
after 18 seconds there was less than 10% recall of trigrams showing the duration is 18-30 seconds
what was baddeleys experiment on the coding of short term memory?
ps were shown a list of words and they were immediately asked to recall a list in order
there was a list of acoustically similar words and acoustically dissimilar words.
acoustically similar words were harder to recall in STM due to confusion of sound.
what was wagenars study on the capacity of long term memory?
he created a diary and tested himself on the recall of events over 6 years
he recalled 2400 events suggesting the capacity of long term memory is unlimited
what was bahricks research on the duration of long term memory?
tested the memory of 392 graduates on their recall of their former highschool classmates
2 conditions:
half ps were given a group of names and asked to select the person in the photo( recognition group)
the other half were asked to name the people in the photos without a list of names (free recall group)
recognition group - 60% after 47 years
recall group - 20% after 47 years
what was baddeleys study on coding in long term memory?
he gave ps two lists of words to recall.
a list of semantically similar words and a list of semantically different words.
ps found it difficult to recall semantically similar words showing that coding is semantic
what is the store name for auditory info?
echoic
what is the store name for visual info?
iconic
what is the store name for touch?
haptic
what is the store name for taste?
gustatory
what is the store name for smell?
olfactory
what are the weaknesses of baddeleys study into memory?
didnt use maningful material. The words used in the list have no meaningful info to ps. when processing meaningful info we may use semantic coding even for STM.- limited application
may not be able to be generalised to other memory tasks
lacks ecological validity- not everyday we ask to memorise lists
what are the strengths of baddeleys study into coding?
baddeleys findings make cognitive sense. E.g if we had to remember a shopping list the list would probably be repeated out loud (acoustic rehearsal)
high contol over. same lists used in each replication.
shows cause and effect and can be replicated
what are the strengths of millers study?
lab experiment so can show cause and effect. We can be sure that it was the number of digits ps were given that caused the amount of recall
replicable
what is the weakness of millers study?
lacks ecological validity. doing a digit span technique is not an everyday situation. so the study may not be able to be generalised to everyday uses of memory
What are weaknesses of peterson and peterson?
the trigrams do not reflect an everyday situation where we need to use memory. so lacks ecological validity
it may have been the trigrams that have cased poor recall as they had no meaning .
what is a strength of peterson and peterson?
high control so can be replicated
e.g same trigrams used same amount of time before recall
what are the weaknesses of wagennars study?
case study so it lacks population validity as only one person is being used,
could be biased as it is self report data
what are the weaknesses of bahricks study?
confounding variables are not controlled- ps could have looked at their yearbook photos through the years or still speak to them which is why they can still recall their names
its unclear whether the drop off in the accuracy of recall after 47 years is due to passage of time or ageing effects in brains of older ps
what are the extra pieces of evidence that support the MSM ?
KF
baddeley- brain scans
glanzer and cunitz
korsakoffs syndrome
does clive wearing support or go against the MSM?
against
what did baddeleys brain scans show?
when ps were having a brain scan baddeley asked questions that made them use their STM and LTM. it was found that there was different patterns in brain activity when ps were asked to recall from STM and LTM.
showing that they are seperate stores
how does korsakoffs syndrome support the MSM ?
chronic alcoholics sometimes develop korsakoffs syndrome which causes brain damage
it has little effect on stm but severely impairs LTM this suggests that LTM and STM are different stores
what is the primacy effect - glanzer and cunitz
words at the beginning of the list are recalled because they have been rehearsed and transferred to the LTM
this is the primacy effect
what is the recency effect?- glanzer and cunitz
words at the end of the list are recalled as they are still in the STM this is the recency effect
what was the procedure of glanzer and cunitz?
participants were shown a list of words and were asked to recall them
what did glanzer and cunitz find?
words at the start of the list were recalled because they had be transferred to LTM due to rehearsal PRIMACY EFFECT
words at the middle of the list were forgotten due to being displaced by later words as the capacity of stm is 5-9 items
words at the end of the list were remembered as they were still in the STM RECENCY EFFECT
how does kf support msm?
it supports that stm and ltm are seperate stores
he suffered with brain damage after a motorbike accident
his ltm was intact but there was difficulty with the STM
how does clive wearing critique the MSM?
it goes agaisnt the idea that there is only 1 type of LTM
clive lost memories from his ltm but could still recall certain things - playing the piano, recognises wife
but not any convos with his wife and not the names of his kids
he had a STM but cant not rehearse and transfer LTM
can clive support msm in anyway ?
supports that there is a ltm and stm
how do flashbulb memories go against the msm ?
It contradicts the multi store model as information appears to have gotten into the long term memory without having to be rehearsed.
in everyday life we rarely rehearse information but the info still goes to our LTM
this goes against the idea that we need rehearsal in order to transfer info to ltm
why is it a weakness of MSM that most research are lab experiments?
they lack external validity as the experiments are highly artificial
there is low ecological validity and may not be generalisable to naturalistic situations like school or work
lacks mudane realism the experimental tasks that ps had to do are unlike how we use memory in real life scenarios
What is the capacity of the episodic buffer ?
25 items
What is the capacity of VSS ?
4-5 chunks
What is the capacity of central executive ?
1 piece of info at a time
