Retrieval failure Flashcards
What is retrieval failure
When cues are not available in time of recalling so particular memory is hard to access.
ITS TULVINNGG
What was the ESP and who introduced it?
Encoding specifity principle introduced by Tulving in 1983 and suggests that the same cues must be present during encoding and retrieval of memory for recall.
Cues can be meaningful such as mnemonics.
What is context dependent forgetting
Recall depends on external cues (location/weather)
What is state dependant forgetting?
Recall is dependant on internal cues (drugs/emotions)
ITS HIM AGAIN your fav
Research on context dependant forgetting
Godden and Baddelely 1975
Had 18 deep sea divers memorise a list of 36 unrelated words.
Four conditions were created.
Results suggested that external context acted as a cue.
PPTs had better recall when words were learnt and recalled in same environment.
Different environments led to retrieval failure.
DOUBLE C ON THE TRACK (or on drugs)
Research on state dependant forgetting
Cassidy and Carter 1998
Used 100 undergraduate students.
Half were given antihistamine while the other half were given a placebo.
After 2 minutes, students were given a list of 20 words to study.
Next day, students were given antihistamine or placebo again.
Created 4 conditions.
Results showed that those who had different internal states when recalling and learning had a worser recall and cues were absent, leading to more forgetting.
Strength WOO (lots of people agree with this theory)
Evaluation of retrieval failure
Lots of supporting research through Godden and Baddeley and Cassidy and Carter.
Eysenck and Keane (2010) argued that retrieval failure is the main casue of forgetting in the LTM.
weakness by BADDELEY (we love self awareness)
Evaluation of retrieval failure
Recall vs Recognition
Context may depend on memory being tested.
Experiment with the divers was replicated but recognition was tested instead of recall.
Findings suggested that performance was the same in all four conditions.
Retrieval failure is a limited explanation for forgetting.
Weakness - Baddeley being a self aware king AGAIN
Evaluation of retrieval failure
Baddeley suggested that context effects are not strong in real life.
Hard to find environment as different as land and water.
Retrieval failure due to context related cues may not explain real life forgetting.
Evaluation of retrieval failure
Practical applications
Cue dependant forgetting used in the cognitive interview.
Help witness remember more accurate details of an event.
e.g: murder of Daniel Jones
less retrieval failure=more accurate arrests.
implications on economy
