Retrieval

Question 1

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 1

1. Retrieval cue: current stimulus that aids retrieval
2. Any memory for an item has the item’s context wrapped in it too
3. Context cues at retrieval should be as much as possible like context at encoding
4. Learn list: “Figure, data, table”
   -> Furniture wouldn’t be a good retrieval cue for table

Question 2

Context - Dependent Memory

Answer 2

1. Scuba divers learned words either on land or underwater
2. Tested for recall on land or underwater
3. Recall was better in context where words had been learned

Question 3

Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiment

Answer 3

1. View slides of car accident
2. Ask: “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” OR “Smashed into”
3. One week later: “Did you see any broken glass in the pictures?”
4. Conclusion: Yes response more likely for “smash” group than “hit” group
5. Memory involves reconstruction of remembered information
6. Memory may be distorted by other information

Question 4

Generic/Semantic Memory

Answer 4

1. Retrieval: search through networks of concepts
2. Organized according to semantic relatedness (closeness of meaning)
3. Activation of one concept spreads to other related concepts: “Do chicken have lips?”