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Ocular Block 7 > Retinal Topography And Vasculature > Flashcards

Retinal Topography And Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the retina

A

Light energy is transformed into neural signal

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2
Q

What are the first 3 cells of the visual pathway

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
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3
Q

What must pass through all three layers of the retina in order for a neural signal to be phototransduced

A

Light

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4
Q

How many layers are there of the retina

A

10

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5
Q

The 9 inner layers of the retina are called this

A

Sensory or neural retina

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6
Q

The outermost layer of the retina is called

A

RPE

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7
Q

T/F all regions of the retina are the same

A

False

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8
Q

What are the 10 layers of the retina from outer to inner

A 
RPE- retains pigment epithelium 
PRL-Photoreceptor Layer
ELM-External limiting membrane 
ONL-outer nuclear layer
OPL-outer plexiform layer
INL- inner nuclear layer
IPL- inner plexiform layer
RGCL- retinal ganglia cell layer
RNFL- retinal neural fiber layer
ILM- inner limiting membrane
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9
Q

What layers do the photoreceptors span

A

Outer retina

  1. Photoreceptor layer
  2. External limiting membrane
  3. Outer nuclear layer
  4. Outer plexiform layer
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10
Q

What is the role of the photoreceptors

A

Absorb light photons and convert them into an electrochemical event

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of photoreceptors in the retina

A

Cones and rods

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12
Q

How many cones are there in the retina

A

5-6 million

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13
Q

When are cones used

A

Bright illumination

And color vision

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14
Q

How many photopigments are there for cones

A

3

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15
Q

What are the S-cones used for

A

Blue cones (420 nm)

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16
Q

What are M cones used for

A

Green cones 531 nm

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17
Q

What are L cones used for

A

Red cones

588 nm

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18
Q

What are only photoreceptors found in the fovea

A

Cones

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19
Q

What photopigment is not found in the fovea

A

S cones

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20
Q

How rods are there

A

92-120 million

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21
Q

When are rods used

A

Dim vision and movement detection

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22
Q

What photopigment is found in rods

A

Rhodopsin

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23
Q

Where the peak amount of rods found

A

4.5 mm outside of the fovea

24
Q

Where are rods not found

A

In the fovea

25
Q

What are some of the different cells found in the retina

A 
Horizontal cell processes and bodies
Rod bipolar cells 
Cone bipolar cells
Amacrine cells
Astrocytes
26
Q

Where are the major output cells found

A

In the retinal glial cell layer

27
Q

What are the first cells to die in glaucoma

A

The retinal ganglia cells

28
Q

What is the thickness range of the range

A

80-320 um

29
Q

What is the central retina used for

A

Cones
Color vision
Fine detail

30
Q

What is the peripheral retina used for

A

Rods
Night vision
Motion detection

31
Q

What is the macula

A

Only area of the retina that contains more than 1 layer of retinal ganglion cells

High levels of carotenoids

32
Q

What is the fovea

A

The central depression of the retina

33
Q

Where is the rod free zone in the fovea

A

In the center, there are only cones here

34
Q

How are cone axons oriented in the outer plexiform layer

A

Obliquely

35
Q

How are the retinal cells displaced in inner retinal cells

A

Laterally

36
Q

What is the foveola

A

The center of the fovea
Dense packing of cones here
Can contain up 10 rows of cone nuclei

37
Q

What is Henle’s fiber layer

A

Cone inner fibers that are oriented obliquely with the fovea

38
Q

What is the parafovea

A

The highest accumulation of bipolar and retinal ganglion cells
Where rods have their peak density

39
Q

What is the perifovea

A

Axons of henles fiber layer resume their vertical orientation

Begins where the RGC layer has been reduced to 4 rows that terminates where it contains only 1 row

40
Q

What is the peripheral retina and where does it terminate

A

Rod dominant region

Terminates at ora serrata

41
Q

What is the ora serrata

A

Peripheral terminations of the retina

It transitions into ciliary body

42
Q

What does the neural retina become

A

Non-pigmented ciliary epithelium

43
Q

What does the RPE become

A

The pigmented ciliary epithelium

44
Q

What supplies blood to the outer retina

A

Choroid

45
Q

What supplies blood to the inner retina

A

Retinal vessels

46
Q

What other vessels supply to the retina

A

Short posterior ciliary artery
Cilioretinal artery
Central retinal artery
Central retinal vein

47
Q

What is the importance of the cilioretinal artery

A

It is present in 10-20% of the population

It supplies the macula

48
Q

Where does the central retinal artery enter at

A

Lamina cribrosa

Slightly nasal

49
Q

What tunic layer does the central retinal artery lose?

What replaces it

A

Tunica elasticum

Tunica media

50
Q

What is the other most layer of the central retinal artery

What is its function

A

Tunica adventitia

Control of vasomotor tone is auto regulated here

51
Q

What does loss of pericytes and endothelial cells cause

A

Microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and fluid in the macula

52
Q

What causes the dot and blot hemorrhages

A

Deep capillary plexus

53
Q

What causes the flame shaped hemorrhages

A

Superficial capillary plexus

54
Q

What is the foveal avascular zone

A

No blood vessels here

It’s all about getting the max amount of light to the photoreceptors

55
Q

Why are retinal artery veins occlusion so bad

A

Because the ganglia cells cant get their blood

They are the cells that communicate with the brain

56
Q

What veins drain the retina and orbit

A

Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Central retinal vein

Ocular Block 7 (9 decks)

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