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Ocular Block 7 > Retinal Development > Flashcards

Retinal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the neural folds and groove originate on

A

Embryonic disc

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2
Q

What is formed when the neural folds and groove get zipped

A

The neural tube

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3
Q

What makes up the inner tube of the embryo

A

The neural tube

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4
Q

What makes up the outer tube of the embryo

A

Surface ectoderm

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5
Q

That liters between the 2 tubes of the embryo

A

Mesenchyme

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6
Q

What are the 2 evaginations that form off the cranial portion of the neural tube

A

Optic vesicles

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7
Q

What are the optic vesicles made of

A

Neural ectoderm

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8
Q

The optic vesicles will elongate and form the

A

Optic stalk

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9
Q

When the optic vesicles encounters the surface ectoderm what happens

A

It will fold in (invaginate)

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10
Q

What does invagination of the surface ectoderm form

A

Optic cup

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11
Q

As the optic cup folds in on itself, the back of the cup comes into contact with the layer from the front of the cup. This creates what relationship

A

Apex to apex

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12
Q

What is the space that forms between the inner and outer layers of the optic cup

A

Intraretinal space

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13
Q

What s the most posterior layer of the optic cup (outer layer)

A

RPE

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14
Q

What is the inner layer of the optic cup

A

Neural retina

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15
Q

The anterior outer layer is what tissue

A

Pigmented ciliary epithelium

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16
Q

The anterior inner layer Is what tissue

A

Nonpigemnted epithelium

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17
Q

The most anterior outer layer is what tissue

A

Anterior iris epithelium

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18
Q

What tissue is the most anterior inner layer

A

Posterior iris epithelium

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19
Q

What is the first layer of the retina to differentiate

A

The RPE

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20
Q

Cellular structures and melanosomes begin to appear in the outer layer of the optic cup, and pigmentation of the retinal epithelium occurs when

A

Week 3-4

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21
Q

What happens to the RPE at week 6

A

The RPE is 1 cell layer thick

Cuboidal-columnar shape

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22
Q

Between weeks 4-6 the cells of the inner layer of the optic cup do what

A

Proliferate and form 2 zones

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23
Q

The neural retina subdivides into 2 areas in what week of development

A

4-6

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24
Q

What is the outer layer of the neural retina

A

Proliferation zone

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25
Q

What is the inner zone of the neural retina

A

Marginal zone

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26
Q

What is layer of the retina is formed at weeks 4-6

What is its function

A

Basal lamina (will become the ILM)

Separates the retina from the vitreous

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27
Q

At week 7, cell migration occurs and forms these

A

Inner and outer neuroblastic layers

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28
Q

What lies between the inner and outer neuroblastic layers

A

Transient fiber layer of Chievitz

29
Q

Differentiation of the neural retinal cells begins where

A

In the central retina and proceeds to the periphery

30
Q

Formation of the neuroblastic layers is complete by this month

A

3rd month

31
Q

Inner neuroblastic layer development

A
  1. Ganglion cells migrate and form a layer close to the basement membrane
  2. Biomolecular agents guide atonal growth toward termination in the lateral geniculate nucleus
  3. Muller cells develop at the same time. Bodies of the Muller and amacrine cells remain in the inner neuroblastic layer but move toward the sclera
32
Q

Outer neuroblastic layer development

A
  1. Bipolar cells migrate from outer neuroblastic layer and settle near the Muller and amacrine cells
  2. Horizontal cells follow
  3. Diner layer of Chievitz is gradually obliterates by this move of bipolar and horizontal cells
  4. Photoreceptor cells reman in the outer neuroblastic layer
33
Q

By week 23 the photoreceptors are aligned along the outer side of the inner layer of the optic cup and _______ appear between them

A

Adhering jxns

34
Q

What do the adhering junctions form eventually

A

The ELM

35
Q

What are the last cells of the neural retina to differentiate

When does this occur

A

Photoreceptor cells

5th month

36
Q

What photoreceptor differentiates first?

Second?when?

A

1st: cones
2nd: rod (7th month)

37
Q

The inner segment creates a protuberance that embeds in teh RPE and continues to grow and form what?

When?

A

Cilium

Week 24-25

38
Q

Where do the horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and Muller cells develop

A

Inner nuclear layer

39
Q

What are the inner and outer plexiform layers filled with

A

Neuronal processes

40
Q

The fiber s of the Muller cells appear and extend to the basal lamina, forming this

A

Primitive internal limiting membrane

41
Q

What is the function of the Muller cells

A

Provide scaffolding for cell development and appears to be involved with guiding the direction of atonal fiber growth

42
Q

What develops first cone pedicles or rod spherules?

A

Cone pedicles

43
Q

Photoreceptor synapses with ________ cells are established before the outer segments are completed

A

Bipolar cells

44
Q

What is well established by month 5

A

Ganglion cell layer

45
Q

Because the retinal development is more advanced centrally than peripherally what happens to the ganglion cells

A

Ganglion axons from the periphery must take an arched route above and below the macular area to reach teh nerve ahead

46
Q

What is teh line of deviation at the horizontal temporal meridian Called

A

Horizontal raphe

47
Q

What occurs to the retinal cells in the 5th month

A

Reduction of retinal cells by apoptosis

48
Q

What occurs to the retinal cells at month 6

A

No further mitosis

Retinal growth continues because of cell differentiation, growth, and maturation

49
Q

When do the cones differentiate

A

6th month

50
Q

Why is the fovea thicker

A

There is a dense accumulation;action of nuclei (up to 9 rows of ganglion cells)

51
Q

What are the 3 stages of foveal development

A
  1. Displacement of inner retinal component form depression
  2. Migration of photoreceptors toward the center, increases cone packing
  3. Maturation of photoreceptors
52
Q

When do the ganglion cells and inner nuclear cells move to the periphery of the macula

A

7th

53
Q

How many layers are there of the ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer at birth

A

1

54
Q

At 4 months pb the ganglion and INL are displaced to sloping walls of the fovea, leaving what as the only neural cell bodes in the center of the depression

A

Cones of the outer nuclear layer

55
Q

What is the foveola

A

Retinal area of sharpest VA

56
Q

What is the last region to mature

A

Foveola

57
Q

Before birth the rod-free area is large compared to adults but becomes narrower with migration of the cones centrally, increasing cone density

A

Foveola

58
Q

What is the cone population in the foveola in 1 week old infant

A

18

59
Q

What is the cone population in the 4-5 y.o of the foveola

A

42

60
Q

The cone inner fibers elongate and adopt what orientation

Why does this occur?

A

Oblique orientation

So they can synapse with the cells of the INL

61
Q

What continues to develop during the first few years of life

A

Outer segment

Inner fiber lengthens

62
Q

What can newborns see

A

Changes in brightness
Non-moving vs moving objects
Follow moving objects

63
Q

What is the VA of newborn

A

20/800-20/200

64
Q

What is the VA of 2 mo old

A

20/150

65
Q

What is the VA of a 4 mo old

A

20/60

66
Q

What is the VA of 6 mo old

A

20/20

67
Q

Look at slide 35

A

Development flow chart

68
Q

The foveal depression continues to deepen until what age (as cells move toward the macular periphery)

A

15 months pb

Ocular Block 7 (9 decks)

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