Retina Disorders Flashcards by Sarah Anderson

What equipment is used to examine the retina

Biometry

Perimetry

Fundus camera

Optical coherence tomography

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What is Fluorescein angiography

a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye so they can be photographed.

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What occurs in optical coherence tomography

a non-invasive imaging test.OCTuses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina

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What is electrophysiology

Series of investigations recording electrical signals from the eye, optic nerve and brain
in response to visual stimuli

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What is three different electrophysiology investigations

Electroretinogram (ERG)

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Visually evoked potentials (VEP)

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What is the functions of electroretinogram

Measure retina function by recording action potential within the retina

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What are a waves and B wavs from electroretinogram

A - from photoreceptors

B - from muller cells

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What is the function of electro-coluogram

Measures function of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors
by Measuring resting potential difference between RPE and photoreceptors

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What shows the maximum potential difference in electro-oculogram

Light adapted eye

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What is the ratio between the light and dark potentials called

ardens ration

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What is the normal ratio for light to dark potentials

1.85

so If that ratio is less than 1.85 it indicates a malfunction of the structures from which the potential originates

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What is the function if visually evoked potential

Record optic nevre function by measuring electrical activity in the visual cortes in response to either flashing light to a checker board pattern

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What does reduced amplitude indicate in visually evoked potential

Reduced cell number in the eye

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what is the potentially aetiology if of reduced cell number in the eye

Ischaemia/traumatic optic neuropathy

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What does latency indicate in visually evoked potential

Reduced cell function in the eye

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What is the potential aetiology of reduced cell function in the eye

Optic neuritis (demyelination)

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How do you determine retinal pathology

Visual acuity,
visual fields, colour vision,
RAPD

Fundoscopy

Fluorescein angiography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Electrophysiology

What seven reasons for sudden painless loss of vision

Central retinal vein occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion

Ischaemic optic neuropathy

Stroke

Vitreous haemorrhage

Retinal detachment

Sudden discovery of pre-exisiting unilateral LoV

What is the common causes of central retina vein occlusion

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

What is the common causes of central retinal artery occlusion

Emboli

Inflammation

What are the two pathologies of ischaemic optic neuropathy

Arteritic - due to inflammation

Non-arteritic - not due to inflammation

What is arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy associated with

Giant cell arteritis

What is the symptoms of giant cell arteritis

Headache

Scalp tenderness

Jaw claudication

Neck pain

Nausea/anorexia

Loss of vision

How is giant cell arteries diagnosed

Temporal artery biopsy

Raised inflammatory markers

What is the symptoms and sign of optic neuritis

Pain on eye movements Reduced vision Red desaturation Central scotoma Relative afferent pupil defect Swollen optic disc

What is eight reasons for gradual painless loss of vision

Cataract Refractive error Age-related macular degeneration Open angle glaucoma Diabetic retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy Inherited retinal dystrophies Drug-induced retinopathy

What occurs in age-related macular degeneration

Progressive loss of central vision

What is the risk factors for age-related muscular degeneration

Age Smoking Diet

What is the two types of age-related muscular degeneration

dry type- (80-90%) wet type (10-20%)

What occurs in dry type age-related macular degeneration

o cells of the macula become damaged by a build-up of deposits called drusen

What occurs in wet type age related macular degeneration

abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells.

What can be seen in diabetic retinopathy

Can see cotton wool spots, exudates, vascular abnormalities on retina

What the affect of advanced diabetic retinopathy

Damage to the maccula = maculopathy

What occurs in retinal dystrophies

Series of inherited conditions affecting | photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

What is the different retinal dystrophies

Photoreceptor dystrophies RPE- dystrophies Choroidal dysrophies vitreoretinal dystrophies

What are examples of drug induced retinopathies

Antimalarials Phenothiazines Tamoxifen

What is choroidermemia

a rare inherited disorder that causes progressive loss of vision due to degeneration of the choroid and retina which is caused by a lack of RAB Escort Protein-1 (REP-1)

What can treat chorioderaemia

Gene therapy

How does gene therapy work

If defective or missing gene use viral vector to insert replacement gene into host DNA and Replacement gene synthesises protein

What is the benefit o gene therapy in the eye

Show immune privilege - doesn't reject Easily accessible