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The Nervous System: The eye > Retina Disorders > Flashcards

Retina Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What equipment is used to examine the retina

A

Biometry

Perimetry

Fundus camera

Optical coherence tomography

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2
Q

What is Fluorescein angiography

A

a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye so they can be photographed.

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3
Q

What occurs in optical coherence tomography

A

a non-invasive imaging test.OCTuses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina

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4
Q

What is electrophysiology

A

Series of investigations recording electrical signals from the eye, optic nerve and brain
in response to visual stimuli

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5
Q

What is three different electrophysiology investigations

A

Electroretinogram (ERG)

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Visually evoked potentials (VEP)

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6
Q

What is the functions of electroretinogram

A

Measure retina function by recording action potential within the retina

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7
Q

What are a waves and B wavs from electroretinogram

A

A - from photoreceptors

B - from muller cells

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8
Q

What is the function of electro-coluogram

A

Measures function of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors
by Measuring resting potential difference between RPE and photoreceptors

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9
Q

What shows the maximum potential difference in electro-oculogram

A

Light adapted eye

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10
Q

What is the ratio between the light and dark potentials called

A

ardens ration

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11
Q

What is the normal ratio for light to dark potentials

A

1.85

so If that ratio is less than 1.85 it indicates a malfunction of the structures from which the potential originates

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12
Q

What is the function if visually evoked potential

A

Record optic nevre function by measuring electrical activity in the visual cortes in response to either flashing light to a checker board pattern

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13
Q

What does reduced amplitude indicate in visually evoked potential

A

Reduced cell number in the eye

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14
Q

what is the potentially aetiology if of reduced cell number in the eye

A

Ischaemia/traumatic optic neuropathy

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15
Q

What does latency indicate in visually evoked potential

A

Reduced cell function in the eye

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16
Q

What is the potential aetiology of reduced cell function in the eye

A

Optic neuritis (demyelination)

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17
Q

How do you determine retinal pathology

A

Visual acuity,
visual fields, colour vision,
RAPD

Fundoscopy

Fluorescein angiography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Electrophysiology

18
Q

What seven reasons for sudden painless loss of vision

A

Central retinal vein occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion

Ischaemic optic neuropathy

Stroke

Vitreous haemorrhage

Retinal detachment

Sudden discovery of pre-exisiting unilateral LoV

19
Q

What is the common causes of central retina vein occlusion

A

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

20
Q

What is the common causes of central retinal artery occlusion

A

Emboli

Inflammation

21
Q

What are the two pathologies of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Arteritic - due to inflammation

Non-arteritic - not due to inflammation

22
Q

What is arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy associated with

A

Giant cell arteritis

23
Q

What is the symptoms of giant cell arteritis

A

Headache

Scalp tenderness

Jaw claudication

Neck pain

Nausea/anorexia

Loss of vision

24
Q

How is giant cell arteries diagnosed

A

Temporal artery biopsy

Raised inflammatory markers

25
Q

What is the symptoms and sign of optic neuritis

A

Pain on eye movements

Reduced vision

Red desaturation

Central scotoma

Relative afferent pupil defect

Swollen optic disc

26
Q

What is eight reasons for gradual painless loss of vision

A

Cataract

Refractive error

Age-related macular degeneration

Open angle glaucoma

Diabetic retinopathy

Hypertensive retinopathy

Inherited retinal
dystrophies

Drug-induced retinopathy

27
Q

What occurs in age-related macular degeneration

A

Progressive loss of central vision

28
Q

What is the risk factors for age-related muscular degeneration

A

Age
Smoking
Diet

29
Q

What is the two types of age-related muscular degeneration

A

dry type- (80-90%)

wet type (10-20%)

30
Q

What occurs in dry type age-related macular degeneration

A

o cells of the macula become damagedby a build-up ofdeposits called drusen

31
Q

What occurs in wet type age related macular degeneration

A

abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells.

32
Q

What can be seen in diabetic retinopathy

A

Can see cotton wool spots, exudates, vascular abnormalities on retina

33
Q

What the affect of advanced diabetic retinopathy

A

Damage to the maccula = maculopathy

34
Q

What occurs in retinal dystrophies

A

Series of inherited conditions affecting

photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

35
Q

What is the different retinal dystrophies

A

Photoreceptor dystrophies

RPE- dystrophies

Choroidal dysrophies

vitreoretinal dystrophies

36
Q

What are examples of drug induced retinopathies

A

Antimalarials

Phenothiazines

Tamoxifen

37
Q

What is choroidermemia

A

a rare inherited disorder that causes progressive loss of vision due to degeneration of the choroid and retina which is caused by a lack of RAB Escort Protein-1 (REP-1)

38
Q

What can treat chorioderaemia

A

Gene therapy

39
Q

How does gene therapy work

A

If defective or missing gene use viral vector to insert replacement gene into host DNA and Replacement gene synthesises protein

40
Q

What is the benefit o gene therapy in the eye

A

Show immune privilege - doesn’t reject

Easily accessible

The Nervous System: The eye (11 decks)

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