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The Nervous System: The eye > Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Orbit and Eye > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Orbit and Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the three layers of the eye ball

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory

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2
Q

What is the fibrous layer composed of

A

Cornea 1/6 = anterior

Sclera 5/6 = posterior

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3
Q

What is the layer of the cornea that faces the air

A

Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

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4
Q

What is the name of the basement membrane for the top layer seen of the corneal

A

Bowmans membrane

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5
Q

What is the layer of the cornea that faces the aqueous humour

A

Simple squamous endothelium

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6
Q

What is the name of the basement layer of the second surface of the corneal

A

Descemets layer

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7
Q

What is found between the two surfaces of the corneal

A

Stroma - regular arranged collagen

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8
Q

What is not present in the stroma of the corneal

A

Blood vessels

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9
Q

What three features of the corneal allow it to keep its transparency

A

The regularly arranged collagen

No blood vessels
- could leak and would rearrange collagen

endothelium cell layer having pump

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10
Q

How does the regular arranged collagen help with the corneas transparency

A

The uniformity allows light to pass through

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11
Q

What layer of the cornea if damaged/ pierced would scar tissue form

A

Below Bowmans membrane would affect your vision as scar tissue forms

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12
Q

How many cells are normally person tin the endothelium of the cornea and why is this important

A

2500cells/mm2

Important as cant have cell loss as may cause aqueous humour to move into stroma

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13
Q

Where does the cornea receive its nutrition due to the absence of blood vessels

A

via diffusion

The tear fluid at the outside

The aqueous humour at the inside

The blood vessels in the sclera all around

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14
Q

What is the constant pressure in the cornea

A

There is a constant intraocular pressure pushing aq humour into stroma

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15
Q

What is the benefit of the endothelial pump

A

Pushes aq humour out of cornea stroma as needs to be removed to retain transparency

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16
Q

What is the clinical benefit of corneal avascularity

A

In the procedure of corneal graft there is a lesser chance of rejection
giving its an immune privilege

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17
Q

What is the function of the sclera

A

gives attachment to muscles moving eye balls

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18
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eyeball composed of

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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19
Q

What is the function of the choroid (orange part)

A

supplies blood to outer layer of retina

20
Q

What is the positioning of the iris

A

Hangs infront of lens, and is incomplete anteriorly due to pupil

21
Q

What is the function of the iris

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil

dictating how much light is allowed in

22
Q

What muscles control the iris functions

A

Pupil dilator -
Radial muscle

Pupil constrictor - Spinchter muscle

23
Q

What is the two functions of the Cilliary body

A

Contains muscles that help change the shape of the lens

Produces aqueous humour

24
Q

What is the pathway of aqueous production to drainage

A

Aqueous humour is produced by cilia body in the posterior chamber

Flows out into anterior segment
Until angle of anterior chamber (=junction of cornea and scelra)

It then drains out through trabecular mesh work

Aqueous humor then drains out into schlemms canal which drains into veins above the sclera

25
Q

What is contained in the sensory layer of the eye ball

A

Retina

26
Q

What is blood supply to the retina

A

Dual blood supply

Inner layer - central retina artery

Outer layer - diffusion of fenestrated blood vessels from choroid

27
Q

What is the histology and function of the fovea centraliss

A

Histologically packed with cones, with all outer layers pushed away to expose cones

Has maximum visual activity so where is you focus your image

28
Q

What forms an image in the retina

A

Light sensitive rods

29
Q

What is the anatomical positioning of the lens

A

Sits behind the pupil

suspended from ciliary body by sensory ligaments in a 360 degree fashion

30
Q

What is the structure of the lens

A

Crystaline biconvex structure

Transparent with regular collagen and protein filaments

31
Q

What is the blood vessel innervation to the lens

A

No blood vessels near

32
Q

Whats present on the outside of the lens and what does this produce

A

Basement membrane forms new fibres

33
Q

How does old age cataract occur

A

New fibres compact old fibre s of the lens, lens cant shed old fibres therefore over time the eye becomes quite opaque

34
Q

Where is the posterior segment of the eye located and what is contained inside

A

Behind the lens

Filled with virtuous humour to cushion retina

35
Q

What is contained in the anterior segment and what is its further division

A

Aqueous humour

Divided into
anterior chamber - infront of iris

Posterior chamber
-behind iris

36
Q

What all the components contained in the anatomy of the eye socket

A 
Bony orbit
Fat adipose 
eye ball 
eyelids 
lacrimal duct 
muscles
37
Q

What is the eye lid composed of

A

Thin skin with hair follicles and sebaceous gland

38
Q

What shapes the eye lid

A

The hard plate/tarsal plate

39
Q

What is present in the tarsal plate

A

Meibomian glands

40
Q

What is the two muscles of the eye lid and there functions

A

Levator palpebrae superioiris - elevates eye lid

Obicularis oculi - closes eye lid

41
Q

What is the conjuctivia

A

Membrane that lines the inside of the eye lid and the sclera infront - doesn’t extend over cornea

42
Q

What bones compose the bony orbit

A 
Frontal (oribital rim)
ethmoid 
Lacrimal 
Nasal 
Sphenoid 
Zygomatic 
Palatine 
Maxila
43
Q

What is the 3 formans of the bony orbit where neuromuscular structure arise through from the apex

A

Optic foramen

Superior orbital fissure

Inferior orbital fissure

44
Q

What fills the remainder or pace in the orbit after the eyeball

A

adipose tissue - there fore support

45
Q

What is the clinical important of adipose tissue in the eye orbit

A

Is the last reserve of fat lose
Sunken eyes = extreme weight loss

Increase in fat content in the eye in thyroid eye disease

The Nervous System: The eye (11 decks)

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