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OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY > Retina > Flashcards

Retina Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the retina have?

A)10
B)12
C)13
D)15

A

10

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2
Q

The retina extends over the (anterior/posterior) 2/3 of globe

A

posterior

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3
Q

What is the correct terminology for the vitreous humor?

A

vitreous body

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4
Q

The (iris/retina/ciliary body) is connected to Bruch’s membrane (internally/externally)

A

retina

externally

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5
Q

The retina is (thick/thin) (opaque/transparent) membrane

A

thin, transparent

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6
Q

The retina is reddish because of purple _____

A

rhodopsin

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7
Q

T/F the retina bleaches secondary to light exposure

A

T

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8
Q 
When does the retina gray of opacify after death?
A)1 hr
B)2 hr
C) 1 day
D)2 days
A

1 hour

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9
Q

(cones/Rods) detect light and movement

A

rods

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10
Q

(cones/Rods) detect color and form vision

A

cones

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11
Q

T/F rods and cones are named due to their function

A

F named due to their appearance of thier outer segments

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12
Q

Rods have __ like apearance

A

rod

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13
Q

cones have a ___ shaped outer segments

A

conical

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14
Q

Retina is a (thick/thin) centrally and peripherally

A

thin

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15
Q

Which part of the retina is the thickest?

  • optic disc:
  • ora serrata:
  • fovea centralis:
  • macula lutea region:
A

macula lutea region

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16
Q

(Fundus oculi/optic/faveola) nerve is the internal background of the eye

A

fundus oculi

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17
Q

The orange red color found on the fundus oculi come from the (sclera/choroid) blood vessels and the (RPE/INL/OML)

A

choroid

RPE_retinal pigmented epithelium

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18
Q

People who are fair reveal much (darker/lighter) fundus oculi in contrast to people with darker skin tones who have (darker/lighter) fundus oculi

A

lighter

darker

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19
Q

Albinos one can see (sclera/choroidal) vessels through the retina and the white scleral tissue

A

choroidal

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20
Q

T/F Albinos are almos devoid of of pigment in the fundus oculi , and are extremely photophobic

A

T

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21
Q

(hyperopic/myopic) funduslooks like it has _____ compared to normal fundus (describe what it looks like )

A

myopic

tiger stripes

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22
Q

The optic nerve leavesthe eye at the (optic disc/retina/ sclera)–what another name for it?

A

optic disc

papilla

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23
Q

The optic nerve is located 3 mm (temporally/medially) to and slightly above the (anterior/posterior) pole

A

medially

posterior

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24
Q

optic disc is devoid of ______ its projection into space produce ___ spot

A

photreceptors

blind

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25
Q

The fovea centralis is located (temporal/medial) to and below the (anterior/posteror) pole

A

temporal

posterior

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26
Q 
the fovea centralis is \_\_ to \_\_ in diamter
A)1-2
B)2 -5
C) 1-3
D)2-3
A

1-2

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27
Q

-Retinal thinning
-shallow depression in the surface
-nerve elements heap to form Henle’s layer
–all of these describe which one
(fundus oculi/fovea centrali/optic nerve)

A

fovea centralis

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28
Q

Foveola only contains (rods/cones) and is within the ____ and is ___mm in diameter

A)0.10
B)0.55
C) 0.35
D)0.45

A

cones
fovea
0.35

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29
Q

Macula lutea also known as the ___ spot. what color pigment is found here ?

A

yellow

yellow(xanthophyll)

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30
Q

Give the order started from the most central to the most outer: - fovea/parafoveal area/perifoveal area/foveola

A
  1. foveola
  2. fovea
  3. parafoveal area
  4. perifoveal area
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31
Q

the (fovea/macula lutea/ora serrata) separates teh neural part of the retinal periphery from the ciliary body
-it lies __ mm (behind/infont) the limbus
A)10
B)8.5
C) 10.5
D)9.5

A

ora serrata
behind
8.5

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32
Q 
the ora serrata lies \_\_ mm (front/behind) of the equator
A)7
B)8
C) 10
D)6
A

6

front

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33
Q

T/F the retainal blood vessels have a non-characteristic pattern on the fundus

A

F. the retinal blood vessels have a CHARACTERISTIC pattern on the fundus

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34
Q

Retinal arteris are (thinner/thicker) and (darker/lighter)

A

thinner

lighter

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35
Q

Retinal veins are (thinner/wider) and (lighter/darker

A

thinner

darker

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36
Q

The fovea (should/should not) contain any vessels for clarity

A

should not

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37
Q

The retina (should/shouldn’t) have anastomoses present in the retinal blood vessels normally.

A

should not

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38
Q

The four layers of the retina are as follows fill in the blank:

  1. _____ epithelial layer
  2. __________ layer
  3. _______ cell layer
  4. _______ cell layer
A

pigment
photoreceoptor
intermediate
ganglion

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39
Q

Which retinal layer forms a single stratum cells attached to Bruch’s membrane

  1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
  2. Photoreceptor Layer
  3. Intermediate Cell Layer
  4. Ganglion Cell Layer
A
  1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
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40
Q 
How many single stratum cells in the pigment epithelial layer are their in each eye?
A)1 billion
B)5 billion
C)1 million
D)5 million
A

5 million

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41
Q

Which retinal layer protects receptors from excessive and scattered light?

  1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
  2. Photoreceptor Layer
  3. Intermediate Cell Layer
  4. Ganglion Cell Layer
A
  1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
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42
Q

The pigment epithelial layer (does/doesn’t) demonstrate mitosis

A

does not

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43
Q

T/F in the pigmented epithelial layer cells neighbors occupy their places when they are dead

A

T

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44
Q

In the PE layer each cell is in contact with an average of up to ___ photoreceptors

A)10
B)70
C)50
D)45

A

45

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45
Q
  • Absorption of light and removal of heat
  • Restricts stray light; protects receptors from undesirable effects of light

–ALL THESE dsscribe which layer

A

pigment epithelial layer

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46
Q
  • Provides photoreceptors with nutrients/ O2
  • Reservoirs of useful substances (ex. Vit A)
  • Provide slow disintegration, a role in phagocytotic activity

–ALL THESE describe which layer

A

pigment epithelial layer

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47
Q

Photoreceoptors are sensory cells that transform ___ into ____ energy by chemical process

A

light , electrical

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48
Q

Photoreceoptors have a _____ arrangement which is a paralled pickett fence like appearance

A

palisade

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49
Q

Rods have an outer segment which is the _______ part and contains rhodopsin has around 600-1000 loosely staocked ____ units (lamellae)

A

photsensitive

disc

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50
Q

lamellae is also known as what?

A

disc units

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51
Q 
Lamellae is formed at a rate of \_\_to\_\_ per hour at the (bottom/top) of the segment
A)2-7
B)3-5
C)2-8
D)1-5
A

1-5

bottom

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52
Q

T/F in the photorecpetor layer there is no anatomical connection exists between the pigment epithelium and the receptors and this leads to the ease with which the two layers can be ‘detached’ in some pathological situations.

A

T

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53
Q

(Rods/cones) have a Sloughing of a group of 30 from the top of the segment and takes place in the (morning/midafternoon) or in light after long dark periods

A

rods

morning

54
Q

T/F Rod lamellae can be completely renewed over 1-2 weeks

55
Q

Rods (are/aren’t) sensitive to light

56
Q

(Rods/cones) are responsible for low light vision conditions

57
Q

T/F in rods sensation is not the same for all wavelength of light

A

F it is the same

58
Q

Several rods go to __ bipolar cell

59
Q

T/F because several rods connecte with one bipolar cells it produces convergence of impulses

60
Q

T/F cones are longer than rods

61
Q

Outer segment lamellae of cones are attached to the ____ membrane

62
Q

what is the name of the cone pigment?

63
Q

Cones (do/do not) react to small amounts of light

A

do NOT- this is why colors are not seen during night vision

64
Q

Why is it significant that cones do not react to small amounts of light ?

A

why colors are not seen during night vision

65
Q

Cones also shed its disc which are eventally phaocytosed by ___

66
Q

When does shedding of discs in cones usually occur ?

A

during end of the day , periodicially

67
Q

what are the colors cones are most sensitive in order from longest wavelenght to shortest:

A

1 red/longest

  1. green/medium
  2. blue/short
68
Q

T/F cones can only have reactions to blue, green , red wavelengths

A

F. those are only the ones they are most sensitive to react to but they react to more wavelengths

69
Q

T/F rhodopsin has a intrinsic membrane

70
Q

Rhodopsin is found in ____ and some extent ___ memebrane of rod (inner/outer) segment

A

discs, plasma

outer

71
Q

Where is rhodopsin most prevalent?

72
Q

Rhodopsin has vitamin __

73
Q

Put in order the cycle of how rhodopsin is reproduced in the retina

  1. bathorhodopsin
  2. rhodopisn
  3. trans retinal and opsin
  4. 11-cis retinal
  5. metarhodospin
  6. retinal isomerase

-which two combine to make rhodopin

A
  1. rhodopisn
  2. bathorhodopsin
  3. metarhodospin
  4. trans retinal and opsin
  5. retinal isomerase
  6. 11-cis retinal

4 and 3 combine to make rhodopsin

74
Q

A partially degraded ganglioside that accumulates in neural, ocular and other tissues in the course _(Vitamin A deficiency/Tay’sachs ganglioside /cataracts)

A

Tay-sachs ganglioside

75
Q

Tay-Sachs disease disease is a result of (hexaminodase A/vitamin A) deficiency

A

hexaminodase A

76
Q

Hexominadase A enzyme normally catalyzes the breakdown of (cataracts/ganglioside/triglycerides) molesulces as new molecules are synthesized

A

ganglioside

77
Q

In Tay-Sachs disease there is an accumulation of ____ in the retina and ganglion cells degenerate ____ red spot

A

GM2

cherry

78
Q

T/F Tay sachs blindness occurs late in the disease

79
Q

Failure to develop motor/mental capacities
-death at 3-6 yrs of age
–describes what disease
(vitamin A deficiency/tay sachs/gluacoma)

80
Q

11-cis vitamin A aldehyd (retinal) +opsin– is what vitamin __ made up of

81
Q

Vitamin a is __(fat/water)_ soluble vitamin

82
Q

What class of lipids doe vitamin A belong to ?

A

isoprenoid

83
Q

What color veggies would have vitamin A?

84
Q

Retinyl esters are _(vegetable/animal)___ sources of vitamin __

A

animal , A

85
Q

Beta caroten and retinyl esters are dietary sources of ______

86
Q 
Retinoid acid
retinyl esters
retinol 
retinal 
--these are all chemical forms of what?
87
Q

T/F retinoic acid is involved in both the formation of glycoproteins and the maturation of epithelial cells including corneal epithelia

88
Q

T/F only retinyl esters are converted to vitamin A alcohol in the gut

A

F Both retinyl esters and beta carotene

89
Q

In the gut, both retinyl esters and beta carotene are converted to vitamin A alcohol (retinol); it is re-esterified and incorporated into ____ for liver transport

A

chylomicra

90
Q

Vitamin A transport is conveyed principally to the liver where re-__(esterificaion/conversion to alcohol/alkylation)___ and storage occur.

A

-esterification

91
Q

Mobilization of vitamin A (retinol) takes place after binding to two proteins:

pick two

  1. retinol
  2. prealbumin
  3. retinol binding protien
  4. retinal
  5. retinoic acid
A

RBP -retinol binding protein

PA-prealbumin

92
Q

RBP is (outside/inside) the cell and PA is (in/out) of bloodstream

93
Q

RBP and PA transport vitamin __ into the retinal and corneal (endothelial/epithelial) cells

A

A

epithelial

94
Q

T/FUpon reaching its target cell, retinol is released and transported, via a receptor protein, into the cell cytoplasm.

95
Q

loss of night vision

  • describes which vitamin A deficieny ?
  • Keratomalacia
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Nyctalopia
A

nyctalopia

96
Q

Dry eyes; hardening of the corneal conjunctival epithelium with loss of conjunctival secretions

  • describes which vitamin A deficieny ?
  • Keratomalacia
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Nyctalopia
A

Xerophthalmia

97
Q

degeneration of the corneal epithelium, could cause corneal perforation

  • describes which vitamin A deficieny ?
  • Keratomalacia
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Nyctalopia
A

Keratomalacia

98
Q

-Keratomalacia
-Xerophthalmia
-Nyctalopia
Give the order of vitamin A dificiency

A
  • Nyctalopia
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Keratomalacia
99
Q

T/F if a pt only has loss of night vision there is a larger chance of recovery from vitamin A defiency

100
Q

Adverse symptoms include: abdominal pain, blurred vision, drowsiness, headache, irritability, nausea, and vomiting

-all are symptoms of vitamin A defiency/excess)

A

vitamin A excess

101
Q

Excess of vitamin A causes (decrease/increase) gluconeogensis and protein turnover

102
Q

Daily intake of excess _____I U of vitamin A adverse symtptome begin to appear

A)10,000
B)70,000
C)50,000
D)45,000

103
Q

T/F Other than blurred vision, however, excessive vitamin A intake does not seem to have any other ocular effects.

104
Q

(Cone/rods) compared to (rods/cones) make more direct synapse to bipolar cells

A

cones, rods

105
Q

fewer (rods/cones) are connected to a single bipolar cell

106
Q

(cones/rods) provide more localized information

107
Q 
There are \_\_to \_\_\_ million rods
A)110-125
B)70-100
C)210-310
D)110-210
108
Q 
there are \_\_\_ million cones
A)6.5
B)7.5
C)5.5
D)4.5
109
Q 
central fovea of cones has \_\_\_\_\_\_ cones/mm2
A)150000
B)750000
C)550000
D)40000
110
Q

central fovea of rods has ______ rods/mm2

111
Q

5-6mm from fovea of rods _______ rods/mm2

A

160000—PAY ATTENTION TO THIS NUMBER IN CLASS HE SAID HE WAS INTERESTED IN THIS !

112
Q

What is the support network to hold photreceptors together?

A

outer limiting membrane

113
Q

what membrane is not considered a real membrane, rather it’s an outcrop of mueller’s connective tissue fibers
_-(RPE/OLM/INL)

114
Q

Outer limiting membrane is a condenstaion of (aqueous humor/cyoplasm/vitreous humor)

115
Q

-Photoreceptor axons
-Synapses formed w/ bipolar cell dendrites
-Connections between horizontal cells and photoreceptor synapses
— all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL)

A

OPL

outer plexiform layer

116
Q

Formed by the bodies of the cells found in the Inner Nuclear Layer
≈10 cells deep at the macula and only one cell deep peripherally
— all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL)

A

GCL

ganglion cell layer

117
Q 
Contains cell bodies from:
Bipolar cells
Horizontal cells
Amacrine cells
Interplexiform cells
Müeller’s connective fibers
--- all of these describe what layer 
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL)
A

INL

inner nuclear layer

118
Q

Mango cells, parvo cell, konio cells are in what layer?(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL) which of these cells is more abundant

A

GCL, parvo

119
Q

Mango cells, parvo cell, konio cells –which of these has a big cell body with many dendrites and therefroe large receptor field

A

magno cells

120
Q

T/F ganglion cells vary in size

121
Q

Includes: ganglion cell axons
These carry nervous impulses via the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus
Fibers are enveloped by extensions of Müeller’s fibers and astrocytes.
— all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL/NFL)

A

NFL

nerve fiber layer

122
Q

Astrocytes and microglia are ___ glial cells

123
Q

found in the ganglion and nerve fiber layer
have short and long projections extending in all directions
promote movement from and to the vascular system (nourishment function)
–describe which retinal glial cell (astrocytes/microglia)

A

astrocytes

124
Q

Small connective cells
Few present in healthy tissues
Proliferate for phagocytosis where damage is present
–describe which retinal glial cell (astrocytes/microglia)

125
Q

Retinal blood supply is mostly from the (peripheral/central/medial) retinal artery

126
Q
  • At the optic disc:
  • ↓ (divide into)
  • ↓(divide into)
  1. Nasal and Temporal branches
  2. Main retinal vessels
  3. Superior and Inferior branches

-put them in order

A 
2.Main retinal vessels
↓ (divide into)
3.Superior and Inferior branches
↓(divide into)
1.Nasal and Temporal branches
127
Q

T/F in the retinal blood supply there is anasomoses

A

F there is NO anastomoses

128
Q

REtinal blood supplyCapillary Network:
(Densest/thinnest) near the macula
(Absent/present) at the fovea
(Lacking/abundant) in a small area behind the ora serrata

A

densest
absent
lacking

129
Q

T/F Retinal veins accompany the respective arteries some distance away

130
Q

Retinal blood supply (does/doesnt) have several crossing

131
Q

(peripheral/central/temporal) retinal vein exits at the optic disc

OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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