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Anatomy Final Exam Semester 2 > reticular formation > Flashcards

reticular formation Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ is a phylogenetically old, central core of the brainstem, which extends into the cerebrum as the ___.

A
  • reticular formation

- hypothalamus

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2
Q

What functions are the RF important for

A
  • posture
  • stereotypic motor behaviors
  • internal environment
  • pain regulation
  • sleep and wakefulness
  • emotional tone
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3
Q

3 zones of RF

A
  1. Raphe (median) nuclei
  2. Medial zone
  3. Lateral zone
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4
Q

Why is the Medial zone significant?

A
  • source of most ascending and descending projections
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5
Q

Where is the lateral zone most prominent and what is its function?

A
  • Prominent in the rostral medulla and caudal pons

- Primarily involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions

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6
Q

Which two reticulospinal tracts serve as major alternative to corticospinal tracts in regulating spinal reflexes?

A
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Only noxious stimuli to evoke a reflex
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7
Q

The reticulospinal tract neurons receive input from the ___, ___, ___.

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • substantia nigra
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8
Q

The ___ begins in the pons ipsilaterally, descends near the MLF and in the anterior funiculus. It facilitates ___ movements and ___ muscle tone.

A
  • Medial tract
  • voluntary movements
  • increases
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9
Q

The ___ is found in the medulla, descends bilaterally in the lateral funiculus, and ___ voluntary movements, and ___ muscle tone.

A
  • lateral tract
  • inhibits
  • decreases
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10
Q

Name the rhythmic motor patterns in the brainstem reticular formation.

A
  1. gaze centers
  2. mastication (supratrigeminal nucleus in pons)
  3. locomotion (pons)
  4. heart rate
  5. respiration
  6. swallowing/vomiting
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11
Q

Malocclusion results in premature and one sided contact of teeth, jaw movements continue in an attempt to reach resting position is which theory of bruxism?

A

peripheral causes theory (based on clinical observation)

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12
Q

Sleep-related dysfunctions, input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from BG, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of amygdala relates to which theory of bruxism?

A

central causes theory

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13
Q

RF, especially the ___ can suppress or facilitate pain depending on the circumstances.

A

Periaqueductal grey (PAG)

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14
Q

Sensory information from the ___ reaches the PAG as spinomesencephalic fibers

A

anterolateral pathway

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15
Q

The PAG also receives input from the ___, ___, and ___ which may contain behavioral state info letting the body know whether pain should be activated or suppressed.

A
  • hypothalamus
  • cortex
  • amygdala
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16
Q

The PAG sends signals to the ___ which send signals to the ___.

A
  • raphe

- posterior horn of the spinal cord (afferents)/spinal V nucleus

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17
Q

The ___, is responsible for sleep-wake cycles, thus mediating various levels of alertness.

A
  • Ascending reticular formation (AKA reticular activating system)
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18
Q

The ___ is involved in posture and equilibrium as well as ___.

A
  • Descending reticular formation

- autonomic nervous system activity

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19
Q

The descending reticular formation also plays a role in ___.

A

motor movement

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20
Q

How do opiates suppress pain in the RF?

A
  • work by activating the PAG-raphe at multiple levels.

- Opiate receptors are abundant in the PAG, rap he, and posterior horn of the spinal cord.

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21
Q

___ can inhibit the STT directly, or indirectly by activating interneurons that inhibit the STT.

A

Raphe

- (STT= sensory from the skin the thalamus)

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22
Q

The RF has centers controlling inspiration, expiration and rhythm of breathing in the __ and __.

A

pons and medulla

23
Q

Heart rate and BP control centers are found in the ___

A

medulla

24
Q

Where do we find norepinephrine receptors?

A
  • lateral zone of brainstem (rostral medulla and rostral pons)
25
Q

Were do we see dopamine and serotonin receptors?

A

Median raphe of the brainstem

26
Q

Where are histamine containing neurons found?

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

Where do we find acetylcholine receptors?

A
  • telencephalon and pons
28
Q

Where is the Solitary nucleus found, and what type of receptors are located here?

A
  • found in the posterior aspect of the medulla and is a receptor for norepinephrine
  • functions in memory enhancement
29
Q

Where is the Locus ceruleus located, and what type of receptors are located here?

A
  • found in the posterior aspect of the rostral pons

- functions in cortex (arousal) vigilance and attention

30
Q

Norepinephrine is also found in the ventrolateral medulla, and is used as a ___.

A

pain regulator

31
Q

Norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord is used to ___.

A

suppress incoming pain signals.

32
Q

Noradrenergic projections innervate practically the entire CNS; they have heavy projections to the ___.

A

somatosensory cortex

33
Q

___ levels of norepinephrine can lead to clinical depression

A

decreased

34
Q

Decreased levels of norepinephrine lead to reduced ___ activity

A

locus ceruleus neuron

35
Q

___ patients often suffer from depression due to the fact that the locus ceruleus neurons are lost.

A

Parkinsons

36
Q

___ is caused by an increase in norepinephrine levels.

A

Panic disorder

37
Q

Dopaminergic neurons are found in the midbrain and include the ___, and ___.

A
  • Substantia Nigra (putamen and caudate)

- Ventral tagmental area

38
Q

The ___ is involved in motor activity, and can be affected in patients with Parkinson’s.

A

Substantia nigra

39
Q

The ___ is the major source of dopamine and contains two tracts.

A

Ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

40
Q

What are the two tracts of the ventral tegmental system?

A
  1. Mesocortical tract/fibers

2. Mesolimbic tracts/fibers

41
Q

What is the purpose of the mesocortical tract?

A
  • Responsible for organized thinking and planning

- sends heavy projections to frontal cortex which organize and initiate behaviors

42
Q

Whats the purpose of the mesolimbic tract?

A

It is involved in emotional reward and drug dependency.

43
Q

___ is involved in social withdrawal due to low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.

A

Schizophrenia

44
Q

___ occur due to high levels of dopamine in the limbic system.

A

Hallucinations

45
Q

Serotonergic neurons are located at pretty much all brainstem levels in ___.

A

raphe

46
Q

Raphe nuclei in the ___ send signals to all regions of the ___ and are used for attention inhibition of distracting stimuli.

A
  • midbrain

- cortex

47
Q

___ raphe nuclei send information to the ___ with regards to day night cycle.

A
  • Midbrain

- hypothalamus

48
Q

___ raphe nuclei send signals to the ___ in pain suppression. More specifically this is done by the ___.

A
  • medullary raphe
  • spinal cord
  • nucleus raphe magnus
49
Q

Serotonergic neurons can also cause clinical depression through ___.

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

50
Q

Low levels of ___ can be a result of high carb intake, binge eating, or carb preference in obese women.

A

serotonin

51
Q

High levels of serotonin can lead to compulsive behavior and ___.

A

anorexia nervosa

52
Q

Chlolinergic neurons are found in the ___.

A

basal forebrain; basal nucleus of Meynert

53
Q

___ is a disease dealing with ACh

A

Alzheimers (drug treatment; cholinesterase inhibitors)

Anatomy Final Exam Semester 2 (5 decks)

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