Forebrain and limbic system Flashcards
What structures make up the diencephalon?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- substhalamus
Which structures make up the limbic system?
- hippocampus
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
- limbic lobe
The ___ which is part of the epithalamus secretes melatonin during darkness to help regulate the sleep-wake cycle.
pineal gland
Name the structures that border the thalamus.
- Superior: Lateral ventricle
- Medial: 3rd ventricle
- lateral: IC, GP, Putamen
- Inferior: Hypothalamus
The “gateway to the cortex” is the ___.
Thalamus
All pathways that relay in the thalamus are ___ other than the ___.
- sensory
- olfaction pathway
The pathways of the thalamus travel to the ___, ___, and ___.
cerebellum, basal ganglia, and limbic system
Subdivisions of the thalamic nuclei are defined by the ___.
Internal medullary lamina
The ___ division of the thalamus is the largest when viewed from a horizontal cross section
lateral
All thalamic nuclei (except the reticular) are based on the same general theme. All consist of ___ which provide output from the thalamus, and ____ which are small and inhibitory.
- projection neurons
- interneurons
Specific thalamic nuclei
- convey info a thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to the cortex w/o modification
Ex) medial lemniscus to VPL or optic tract to LGN
Regulatory thalamic nuclei
- nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed on to the cortex
Association thalamic nuclei
- receive specific inputs from association cortex (prefrontal) and projects back
Intralaminar and midline nuclei
- receive distinct sets of specific inputs (from the basal ganglia and limbic structures) and projects to the cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures
The ___ is an important source of regulatory input to the thalamus, and unlike all other nuclei, it does not project to the cortex.
Reticular Nucleus
What are the inputs and outputs of the reticular nucleus?
Input: cortex and thalamus
Output: inhibitory axons to thalamus
The ___ is a sheet of neurons which cover the thalamus. Its axons must traverse the nucleus to enter/leave thalamus and send collaterals to it.
Reticular nucleus
Which thalamic nuclei are sensory relay nuclei?
VPL and VPM
Which thalamic relay nuclei are motor nuclei?
VA (premotor) and VL (primary motor)
Which thalamic relay nuclei are limbic in function?
Anterior (most of limbic lobe) and LD (Posterior limbic lobe)
Where does the lateral geniculate travel to?
Visual cortex in occipital lobe
The ___ and ___ are the main association nuclei
DM and pulvinar
The ___ receives the DM and its used for foresight.
Prefrontal
The ___ lobes receive the pulvinar-LP complex
parietal-occiptal-temporal
- function is largely unknown. may be involved in visual perceptions or attention
___ and ___ fibers pass through the internal capsule
Thalamocortical and corticothalamic
Almost all fibers going to and from the cortex pass through the ___
Internal capsule
The internal capsule collects and forms the ___, down which corticopontine, corticobulbar, and corticospinal fibers descend.
cerebral peduncle
The ___ limb of the IC travels from the lenticular nucleus to to caudate.
anterior limb
The posterior limb travels from the ___ to the thalamus
lenticular nucleus
The ___ nucleus is found between the A and P limbs of the IC.
genu
The ___ nucleus is found behind the lenticular nucleus
retrolenticular
The ___ part of the IC is below the lenticular nucleus
sublenticular
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus travels to the ___
cingulate gyrus (anterior limb of IC)
The DM nucleus of the thalamus travels to the ___
prefrontal cortex (anterior limb of IC)
The VA/VL travel to ___ which then travel to ___ and ___.
motor areas => brainstem and spinal cord (posterior limb of IC)
The VPL/VPM travel to the ___
somatosensory corex (posterior limb of IC)
The MGN travels to the ___
auditory cortex (retrolenticular limb of IC)
The pulvinar/LP travel to ___
parietal-occipital-temporal cortex (retrolenticular limb of IC)
The LGN travels to the ___
visual cortex (sublenticular limb)
