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Restraint > Restraint Midterm > Flashcards

Restraint Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Why are all animals and people in clinic at risk

A

Risk of being injured by animal

Risk of escaping and attacking / being attacked

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2
Q

How to deal with animal that had escaped

A

Make sure area is secure
2 doors between patient and outside
Don’t back animal into a corner or it may attack
Speak softly/gently to it, use its name.

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3
Q

Predators

A 
May attack for offense or defense 
Eyes usually forward 
Carnivores/omnivores 
Scavengers/hunters 
May engage in fight or flight 
May attack from behind
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4
Q

Prey

A

Less likely to fight in offense; typically use flight response
Eyes on side of face, poor depth perception on front of face
Poor binocular vision (overlapping views)
Better periphery vision (to the sides) than directly in front or behind them
More prone to startling/defense mechanism

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5
Q

Biting owner/handler

A

Pets can bite anyone! (Scared/pain/protection of young)
Cats can cause infection , dogs can cause bruising (all can be severe)
Prevent owner from handling pet (liability issues)
Don’t trust owners perception of their pet
Any potentially dangerous pets should be muzzled.

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6
Q

Scratching

A

Pets may scratch when scared/painful
Scratches can hurt and get infected
Best to prevent by proper restraint/nail trims.

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7
Q

Other injuries

A

Pinched/pulled
Shoulders/hands/fingers
Jumped on, ram, charged, kicked, head butted, tail whipping

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8
Q

Dogs primary and secondary

A

Primary: teeth
Secondary: nails, head, tail, feet

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9
Q

Cats primary and secondary

A

Primary: nails
Secondary: teeth, head, body

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10
Q

Rabbit primary and secondary

A

Primary : kicking with back feet

Secondary: biting, scratching

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11
Q

Ferrets

A

Primary: biting
Secondary: scratching

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12
Q

Rodents primary and secondary

A

Primary : teeth

Secondary: scratching

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13
Q

Birds primary and secondary

A

Primary: talons

Secondary : beak/wings

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14
Q

Reptiles primary and secondary

A

Primary: teeth and keratin plate
Secondary: nails/tail/venom

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15
Q

Turtles primary and secondary

A

Primary: teeth/biting
Secondary: nails, body, claws

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16
Q

Amphibians

A

Primary: skin toxins/teeth

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17
Q

Horse

A

Depends on horse

Kicking, biting, head butt, striking/kicking

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18
Q

Cattle primary and secondary

A

Depends on cattle

Kicking, bite, head butt, striking/kicking,

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19
Q

Other ruminants

A

Teeth
Head
Striking/kicking
Feet, body, tail

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20
Q

Escape of an animal inside

A 
Can get into HVAC system 
Can get injured/attacked 
Hard to find 
Can get outside 
Can be destructive
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21
Q

Escape of an animal outside

A 
Hit by car 
Encounter with wild animal 
Taken by others 
Poisoned 
Harmed by fence
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22
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Injury caused by medical examiner

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23
Q

Iatrogenic causes

A

Hurt while struggling
Restrained improperly
Fagility of animals/birds
Old and young animals

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24
Q

Overall principles of restraint

A

Safety, speed, ease (reduce stress to all involved)

Least possible restraint to accomplish task.

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25
Q

4 fundamentals of choosing restraint

A

1) behaviour of animal
2) medical procedure being performed
3) handlers ability
4) equipment available

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26
Q

Behaviour of animal

A 
Species (dog vs cat and other species) 
Predator vs prey 
Sex: male vs female, intact/altered 
Age: puppies playful, puppies/old more fragile 
Hiearchy position 
Prior experiences, current health status
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27
Q

Medical procedure being performed

A

Pain
Location
Duration
Amount of immobility

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28
Q

Handler ability

A

Expertise
Strength
Assistance available

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29
Q

Equipment available

A

Door
Kennel
Cages
Gloves, blanket, towels, rabies pole, lab coat, fish nets, cat bags

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30
Q

3 categories of restraint

A

Physical restraint
Chemical restraint
Psychological restraint

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31
Q

Physical restraint

A

Use your body
Use of equipment
Towels helpful
Physically stepping on them

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32
Q

Chemical restraint

A

Sedation (orals or injection)

Gas anesthetic

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33
Q

Types of drugs used in feline chemical restraint

A

Buprenorphine

Gabapentin

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34
Q

Types of drugs used in dog restraint

A

Ace promazine
Valium- anti seizures
Trazadone
Sedatives

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35
Q

Psychological restraint

A

Low stress handling
Animal doesn’t get worked up/safer for everyone
Positive experience

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36
Q

Why is low stress handling important?

A

Shown to be more effective over the long term
Increase likelihood of animal coming back
Time
Builds better relationships

37
Q

What is the harm in using force?

A

You can hurt them if you use force

Adds to overall anxiety

38
Q

What alternatives do you have to using force

A

Give them treats

Try to make it a fun and positive experience

39
Q

The problem with fear

A

90% of dog owners complain dogs have some type of behavioural problem
The number one reason people take their animal to a behavioural specialist
Consistency is hugely important

40
Q

Dogs and socialization

A

Essential to socialize dogs at young age (5-9 weeks of age)

Continue socialization up to 12 weeks old, needs to be reinforced up to 6-8 months

41
Q

Domestication

A

Selective breeding of only the tamest of species/breed for many generations until they become domestic (trying to breed to gain a certain trait)

42
Q

Tameness

A

Occurs during an animals lifetime , that allows them to get used to people
Implies zero flight distance (human can approach animal without running away)

43
Q

Domestication vs tameness

A

Animals can be tame, BUT aggressive if threatened (dogs/cats in clinic)
Animals that evolved without predators are tame but domesticated (galopagos birds)

44
Q

Recognizing and handling fear in cats

A

Fear: low body position, puffed tail, Halloween cat , trembling, tense body/face, airplane ears, vocalize, puffed tail, piloerection, worried look, move away, hard eyes, fixation, raised paw, bare teeth

45
Q

No free lunch theory

A

Teaches dog self control
Needs to be consistent
Owners consistency rewards good behaviours, remove rewards (punishments) for undesirable behaviours

46
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Association of something adverse with something good
Dogs can have conditioned responses to fear (fear of vacuum)
Cats coming into clinic: carrier being brought out, cat disappears. Counter conditioning - working towards a positive interaction with the offending item

47
Q

Operant Conditioning

4 types

A

Rewarding a positive behaviour with a treat afterwards

1) positive reinforcement
2) negative reinforcement
3) positive punishment
4) negative punishment

48
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Reward (add) for positive behaviour

Example: giving a treat when doing command/something good

49
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Remove something adverse to continue positive behaviour

Ex: dog pulling, then owner pulls back but stops pulling as soon as dog stops pulling

50
Q

Positive punishment

A

Add something adverse to stop behaviour

Example: yelling at animal to stop behaviour

51
Q

Negative punishment

A

Remove reward to decrease behaviour
Timing has to be perfect. Tends to make behaviour worse
Example: take toys/treats away when pet is not acting right

52
Q

Behaviour modification

A 
Habituation 
Flooding 
Desensitization 
Classical counterconditioning 
Operant counterconditioning
53
Q

Habituation

A

Response to the stimuli decreases with time

54
Q

Flooding

A

Bombard animal with stimulus
Not recommended
Behaviour can escalate

55
Q

Desentiziation

A

Give low level stimulus that pet won’t respond to

56
Q

Classical counterconditioning

A

Pair reward with desensitization

Example: play with feet while giving treats

57
Q

Operant counter conditioning

A

Pet trained to do incompatible behaviour when stimulus triggers bad behaviour
Example: redirection of focus from stimuli to something that dog can do to get treat while stimulus is still present

58
Q

When should you counter condition

A 
For mussles 
Nail trims 
Vaccines 
Kennelling 
Car rides
59
Q

First 5 principles of

Principles of low stress handling

A

1) start with a comfortable environment
2) keep the animal from pacing, squirming, excited movements
3) support the pet well, keep it well balanced
4) be aware that nervous/confused animals may resist handling as a reflex
5) know how to place your hands and body to control movement in any direction

60
Q

Last 5 steps of low stress handling

A

6) wait until pet relaxed before starting a procedure
7) use minimum restraint required for animal
8) avoid prolonged fighting/struggling (3 seconds K9, 1-2 seconds cats)
9) use distractions/awards when appropriate
10) adjust your handling based on the animals response to restraint. Be flexible with your technique.

61
Q

Signals of aggressive intent

A 
Pens crowning 
Teeth chattering 
Sweaty paws 
Lip licking 
Stress vocalizations 
Dilated pupils 
Whale eye 
Airplane ears 
Urogenital checkout
62
Q

Calming signals

A 
Look away 
Raises paw 
Sniffing 
Sneezing 
Scratching 
Shaking off 
Yawning 
Lip/nose licking
63
Q

Distance increasing signals

A 
Used to gain social distance 
Read to prevent getting bitten 
Marking territory 
Hard eyes 
Showing teeth 
Ears alert/forward 
Lowered head 
Piloerection 
Whale eye 
Ground scratching 
Lowered head/neck 
Brief look away
64
Q

Distance decreasing signals

A 
Never punish 
Invites interaction with other animals 
Easy wagging tail 
Whole butt is moving 
Flipping tongue 
Submissive grin
65
Q

Displacement behaviours

A 
Performed to change the motivation in a given situation in order to escape 
Marking territory 
Inappropriate increase in activity 
Stretching 
Yawning 
Shaking off 
Looks away
66
Q

Appropriate restraint for SQ fluids

A

Lateral

67
Q

When are injections the fastest

A

The higher the blood supply

68
Q

Needle size

A 
Large needles (lower #s) more painful 
Small needles (higher #s) less painful
69
Q

SC sizes

A

22G black/grey

25G blue

70
Q

IM sizes

A

28G

30G

71
Q

Restraining for vaccinations

A

Know which vaccines are to be given and be able to recognize if diluent is needed , what syringe size and needle are needed, if intra nasal vaccine will need applicator

72
Q

Where is FVRCP vaccine given

A

Right fore leg

73
Q

Where is rabies vaccine given

A

Right hind leg

74
Q

Where is FLV given

A

Left hind leg

75
Q

DHP in dogs

A

Between shoulder blades

76
Q

Rabies dogs

A

Inbetween shoulder blades if SQ

Hind leg if IM

77
Q

Vaccine restraint

A

Minimal
May not need assistant
Owners often hold

78
Q

Head restraint tools

A

Elizabethan collars
Neck braces
Muzzles

79
Q

Leg restraint

A

Hobbles

Splints

80
Q

Restraining for radiographs

1) safety of handler

A 
PPE (personal protective equipment) 
Aprons 
Thyroid screens 
Gloves 
Dosimeters 
Distance 
Use of sedation and anesthesia 
Avoid manual restraint
Keep head, hands and body parts out of X-ray beam
81
Q

Restraining for radiographs

2) safety of animals

A

Never leave unattended on table
Careful of bruising on table (spine, head, limbs)
Avoid over stretching, abnormal positioning

82
Q

Restraining for radiographs

3) positioning

A

Symmetrical positioning
Use of positioning devices (sand bags, foam wedges, towels, ropes, muzzles to extend head, tape
Remove radio opaque objections (collars, splints, barium on coat)

83
Q

Euthanasia

A

IV catheterization or off the vein injection
IV injection
Cephalic
Hugging head, holding leg, tucking body into our body (sternly recumbancy, can be lateral as well)

84
Q

Anesthesia sedation

A

Pre-mix- causes drowsiness/sedation
Injection- SC/IM
Fully awake

85
Q

Anesthesia induction

A

Now sedated
IV anesthetic
Go fully asleep, get intubated from sedation to maintenance

86
Q

Anesthesia maintenance

A

Lay on side
Prep in treatment room then move to surgery room
Oxygen and ISO breathed in via ET tube
Monitors are all attatched at this point.
This is when surgery happens

87
Q

Anesthesia recovery

A 
Most deaths occur here 
Temperature and allergic reactions 
Aren't monitored as closely 
Dysphoria (thrashing, screaming) 
IV catheter removal.
88
Q

Intubation

A 
Hand over top of muzzle 
Fingers behind the canine teeth 
Watch for bite reflex 
Don't put fingers into mouth 
Heavy hands: scruff and hold top jaw (maxilla) 
Sternal or lateral recumbency

Restraint (4 decks)

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