Restraint Midterm Flashcards
Why are all animals and people in clinic at risk
Risk of being injured by animal
Risk of escaping and attacking / being attacked
How to deal with animal that had escaped
Make sure area is secure
2 doors between patient and outside
Don’t back animal into a corner or it may attack
Speak softly/gently to it, use its name.
Predators
May attack for offense or defense Eyes usually forward Carnivores/omnivores Scavengers/hunters May engage in fight or flight May attack from behind
Prey
Less likely to fight in offense; typically use flight response
Eyes on side of face, poor depth perception on front of face
Poor binocular vision (overlapping views)
Better periphery vision (to the sides) than directly in front or behind them
More prone to startling/defense mechanism
Biting owner/handler
Pets can bite anyone! (Scared/pain/protection of young)
Cats can cause infection , dogs can cause bruising (all can be severe)
Prevent owner from handling pet (liability issues)
Don’t trust owners perception of their pet
Any potentially dangerous pets should be muzzled.
Scratching
Pets may scratch when scared/painful
Scratches can hurt and get infected
Best to prevent by proper restraint/nail trims.
Other injuries
Pinched/pulled
Shoulders/hands/fingers
Jumped on, ram, charged, kicked, head butted, tail whipping
Dogs primary and secondary
Primary: teeth
Secondary: nails, head, tail, feet
Cats primary and secondary
Primary: nails
Secondary: teeth, head, body
Rabbit primary and secondary
Primary : kicking with back feet
Secondary: biting, scratching
Ferrets
Primary: biting
Secondary: scratching
Rodents primary and secondary
Primary : teeth
Secondary: scratching
Birds primary and secondary
Primary: talons
Secondary : beak/wings
Reptiles primary and secondary
Primary: teeth and keratin plate
Secondary: nails/tail/venom
Turtles primary and secondary
Primary: teeth/biting
Secondary: nails, body, claws
Amphibians
Primary: skin toxins/teeth
Horse
Depends on horse
Kicking, biting, head butt, striking/kicking
Cattle primary and secondary
Depends on cattle
Kicking, bite, head butt, striking/kicking,
Other ruminants
Teeth
Head
Striking/kicking
Feet, body, tail
Escape of an animal inside
Can get into HVAC system Can get injured/attacked Hard to find Can get outside Can be destructive
Escape of an animal outside
Hit by car Encounter with wild animal Taken by others Poisoned Harmed by fence
Iatrogenic
Injury caused by medical examiner
Iatrogenic causes
Hurt while struggling
Restrained improperly
Fagility of animals/birds
Old and young animals
Overall principles of restraint
Safety, speed, ease (reduce stress to all involved)
Least possible restraint to accomplish task.
4 fundamentals of choosing restraint
1) behaviour of animal
2) medical procedure being performed
3) handlers ability
4) equipment available
Behaviour of animal
Species (dog vs cat and other species) Predator vs prey Sex: male vs female, intact/altered Age: puppies playful, puppies/old more fragile Hiearchy position Prior experiences, current health status
Medical procedure being performed
Pain
Location
Duration
Amount of immobility
Handler ability
Expertise
Strength
Assistance available
Equipment available
Door
Kennel
Cages
Gloves, blanket, towels, rabies pole, lab coat, fish nets, cat bags
3 categories of restraint
Physical restraint
Chemical restraint
Psychological restraint
Physical restraint
Use your body
Use of equipment
Towels helpful
Physically stepping on them
Chemical restraint
Sedation (orals or injection)
Gas anesthetic
Types of drugs used in feline chemical restraint
Buprenorphine
Gabapentin
Types of drugs used in dog restraint
Ace promazine
Valium- anti seizures
Trazadone
Sedatives
Psychological restraint
Low stress handling
Animal doesn’t get worked up/safer for everyone
Positive experience
Why is low stress handling important?
Shown to be more effective over the long term
Increase likelihood of animal coming back
Time
Builds better relationships
What is the harm in using force?
You can hurt them if you use force
Adds to overall anxiety
What alternatives do you have to using force
Give them treats
Try to make it a fun and positive experience
The problem with fear
90% of dog owners complain dogs have some type of behavioural problem
The number one reason people take their animal to a behavioural specialist
Consistency is hugely important
Dogs and socialization
Essential to socialize dogs at young age (5-9 weeks of age)
Continue socialization up to 12 weeks old, needs to be reinforced up to 6-8 months
Domestication
Selective breeding of only the tamest of species/breed for many generations until they become domestic (trying to breed to gain a certain trait)
Tameness
Occurs during an animals lifetime , that allows them to get used to people
Implies zero flight distance (human can approach animal without running away)
Domestication vs tameness
Animals can be tame, BUT aggressive if threatened (dogs/cats in clinic)
Animals that evolved without predators are tame but domesticated (galopagos birds)
Recognizing and handling fear in cats
Fear: low body position, puffed tail, Halloween cat , trembling, tense body/face, airplane ears, vocalize, puffed tail, piloerection, worried look, move away, hard eyes, fixation, raised paw, bare teeth
No free lunch theory
Teaches dog self control
Needs to be consistent
Owners consistency rewards good behaviours, remove rewards (punishments) for undesirable behaviours
Classical conditioning
Association of something adverse with something good
Dogs can have conditioned responses to fear (fear of vacuum)
Cats coming into clinic: carrier being brought out, cat disappears. Counter conditioning - working towards a positive interaction with the offending item
Operant Conditioning
4 types
Rewarding a positive behaviour with a treat afterwards
1) positive reinforcement
2) negative reinforcement
3) positive punishment
4) negative punishment
Positive reinforcement
Reward (add) for positive behaviour
Example: giving a treat when doing command/something good
Negative reinforcement
Remove something adverse to continue positive behaviour
Ex: dog pulling, then owner pulls back but stops pulling as soon as dog stops pulling
Positive punishment
Add something adverse to stop behaviour
Example: yelling at animal to stop behaviour
Negative punishment
Remove reward to decrease behaviour
Timing has to be perfect. Tends to make behaviour worse
Example: take toys/treats away when pet is not acting right
Behaviour modification
Habituation Flooding Desensitization Classical counterconditioning Operant counterconditioning
Habituation
Response to the stimuli decreases with time
Flooding
Bombard animal with stimulus
Not recommended
Behaviour can escalate
Desentiziation
Give low level stimulus that pet won’t respond to
Classical counterconditioning
Pair reward with desensitization
Example: play with feet while giving treats
Operant counter conditioning
Pet trained to do incompatible behaviour when stimulus triggers bad behaviour
Example: redirection of focus from stimuli to something that dog can do to get treat while stimulus is still present
When should you counter condition
For mussles Nail trims Vaccines Kennelling Car rides
First 5 principles of
Principles of low stress handling
1) start with a comfortable environment
2) keep the animal from pacing, squirming, excited movements
3) support the pet well, keep it well balanced
4) be aware that nervous/confused animals may resist handling as a reflex
5) know how to place your hands and body to control movement in any direction
Last 5 steps of low stress handling
6) wait until pet relaxed before starting a procedure
7) use minimum restraint required for animal
8) avoid prolonged fighting/struggling (3 seconds K9, 1-2 seconds cats)
9) use distractions/awards when appropriate
10) adjust your handling based on the animals response to restraint. Be flexible with your technique.
Signals of aggressive intent
Pens crowning Teeth chattering Sweaty paws Lip licking Stress vocalizations Dilated pupils Whale eye Airplane ears Urogenital checkout
Calming signals
Look away Raises paw Sniffing Sneezing Scratching Shaking off Yawning Lip/nose licking
Distance increasing signals
Used to gain social distance Read to prevent getting bitten Marking territory Hard eyes Showing teeth Ears alert/forward Lowered head Piloerection Whale eye Ground scratching Lowered head/neck Brief look away
Distance decreasing signals
Never punish Invites interaction with other animals Easy wagging tail Whole butt is moving Flipping tongue Submissive grin
Displacement behaviours
Performed to change the motivation in a given situation in order to escape Marking territory Inappropriate increase in activity Stretching Yawning Shaking off Looks away
Appropriate restraint for SQ fluids
Lateral
When are injections the fastest
The higher the blood supply
Needle size
Large needles (lower #s) more painful Small needles (higher #s) less painful
SC sizes
22G black/grey
25G blue
IM sizes
28G
30G
Restraining for vaccinations
Know which vaccines are to be given and be able to recognize if diluent is needed , what syringe size and needle are needed, if intra nasal vaccine will need applicator
Where is FVRCP vaccine given
Right fore leg
Where is rabies vaccine given
Right hind leg
Where is FLV given
Left hind leg
DHP in dogs
Between shoulder blades
Rabies dogs
Inbetween shoulder blades if SQ
Hind leg if IM
Vaccine restraint
Minimal
May not need assistant
Owners often hold
Head restraint tools
Elizabethan collars
Neck braces
Muzzles
Leg restraint
Hobbles
Splints
Restraining for radiographs
1) safety of handler
PPE (personal protective equipment) Aprons Thyroid screens Gloves Dosimeters Distance Use of sedation and anesthesia Avoid manual restraint Keep head, hands and body parts out of X-ray beam
Restraining for radiographs
2) safety of animals
Never leave unattended on table
Careful of bruising on table (spine, head, limbs)
Avoid over stretching, abnormal positioning
Restraining for radiographs
3) positioning
Symmetrical positioning
Use of positioning devices (sand bags, foam wedges, towels, ropes, muzzles to extend head, tape
Remove radio opaque objections (collars, splints, barium on coat)
Euthanasia
IV catheterization or off the vein injection
IV injection
Cephalic
Hugging head, holding leg, tucking body into our body (sternly recumbancy, can be lateral as well)
Anesthesia sedation
Pre-mix- causes drowsiness/sedation
Injection- SC/IM
Fully awake
Anesthesia induction
Now sedated
IV anesthetic
Go fully asleep, get intubated from sedation to maintenance
Anesthesia maintenance
Lay on side
Prep in treatment room then move to surgery room
Oxygen and ISO breathed in via ET tube
Monitors are all attatched at this point.
This is when surgery happens
Anesthesia recovery
Most deaths occur here Temperature and allergic reactions Aren't monitored as closely Dysphoria (thrashing, screaming) IV catheter removal.
Intubation
Hand over top of muzzle Fingers behind the canine teeth Watch for bite reflex Don't put fingers into mouth Heavy hands: scruff and hold top jaw (maxilla) Sternal or lateral recumbency
