Restraint Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Why are all animals and people in clinic at risk
A
Risk of being injured by animal
Risk of escaping and attacking / being attacked
2
Q
How to deal with animal that had escaped
A
Make sure area is secure
2 doors between patient and outside
Don’t back animal into a corner or it may attack
Speak softly/gently to it, use its name.
3
Q
Predators
A
May attack for offense or defense Eyes usually forward Carnivores/omnivores Scavengers/hunters May engage in fight or flight May attack from behind
4
Q
Prey
A
Less likely to fight in offense; typically use flight response
Eyes on side of face, poor depth perception on front of face
Poor binocular vision (overlapping views)
Better periphery vision (to the sides) than directly in front or behind them
More prone to startling/defense mechanism
5
Q
Biting owner/handler
A
Pets can bite anyone! (Scared/pain/protection of young)
Cats can cause infection , dogs can cause bruising (all can be severe)
Prevent owner from handling pet (liability issues)
Don’t trust owners perception of their pet
Any potentially dangerous pets should be muzzled.
6
Q
Scratching
A
Pets may scratch when scared/painful
Scratches can hurt and get infected
Best to prevent by proper restraint/nail trims.
7
Q
Other injuries
A
Pinched/pulled
Shoulders/hands/fingers
Jumped on, ram, charged, kicked, head butted, tail whipping
8
Q
Dogs primary and secondary
A
Primary: teeth
Secondary: nails, head, tail, feet
9
Q
Cats primary and secondary
A
Primary: nails
Secondary: teeth, head, body
10
Q
Rabbit primary and secondary
A
Primary : kicking with back feet
Secondary: biting, scratching
11
Q
Ferrets
A
Primary: biting
Secondary: scratching
12
Q
Rodents primary and secondary
A
Primary : teeth
Secondary: scratching
13
Q
Birds primary and secondary
A
Primary: talons
Secondary : beak/wings
14
Q
Reptiles primary and secondary
A
Primary: teeth and keratin plate
Secondary: nails/tail/venom
15
Q
Turtles primary and secondary
A
Primary: teeth/biting
Secondary: nails, body, claws
16
Q
Amphibians
A
Primary: skin toxins/teeth
17
Q
Horse
A
Depends on horse
Kicking, biting, head butt, striking/kicking
18
Q
Cattle primary and secondary
A
Depends on cattle
Kicking, bite, head butt, striking/kicking,
19
Q
Other ruminants
A
Teeth
Head
Striking/kicking
Feet, body, tail
20
Q
Escape of an animal inside
A
Can get into HVAC system Can get injured/attacked Hard to find Can get outside Can be destructive
21
Q
Escape of an animal outside
A
Hit by car Encounter with wild animal Taken by others Poisoned Harmed by fence
22
Q
Iatrogenic
A
Injury caused by medical examiner
23
Q
Iatrogenic causes
A
Hurt while struggling
Restrained improperly
Fagility of animals/birds
Old and young animals
24
Q
Overall principles of restraint
A
Safety, speed, ease (reduce stress to all involved)
Least possible restraint to accomplish task.
25
4 fundamentals of choosing restraint
1) behaviour of animal
2) medical procedure being performed
3) handlers ability
4) equipment available
26
Behaviour of animal
```
Species (dog vs cat and other species)
Predator vs prey
Sex: male vs female, intact/altered
Age: puppies playful, puppies/old more fragile
Hiearchy position
Prior experiences, current health status
```
27
Medical procedure being performed
Pain
Location
Duration
Amount of immobility
28
Handler ability
Expertise
Strength
Assistance available
29
Equipment available
Door
Kennel
Cages
Gloves, blanket, towels, rabies pole, lab coat, fish nets, cat bags
30
3 categories of restraint
Physical restraint
Chemical restraint
Psychological restraint
31
Physical restraint
Use your body
Use of equipment
Towels helpful
Physically stepping on them
32
Chemical restraint
Sedation (orals or injection)
| Gas anesthetic
33
Types of drugs used in feline chemical restraint
Buprenorphine
| Gabapentin
34
Types of drugs used in dog restraint
Ace promazine
Valium- anti seizures
Trazadone
Sedatives
35
Psychological restraint
Low stress handling
Animal doesn't get worked up/safer for everyone
Positive experience
36
Why is low stress handling important?
Shown to be more effective over the long term
Increase likelihood of animal coming back
Time
Builds better relationships
37
What is the harm in using force?
You can hurt them if you use force
| Adds to overall anxiety
38
What alternatives do you have to using force
Give them treats
| Try to make it a fun and positive experience
39
The problem with fear
90% of dog owners complain dogs have some type of behavioural problem
The number one reason people take their animal to a behavioural specialist
Consistency is hugely important
40
Dogs and socialization
Essential to socialize dogs at young age (5-9 weeks of age)
| Continue socialization up to 12 weeks old, needs to be reinforced up to 6-8 months
41
Domestication
Selective breeding of only the tamest of species/breed for many generations until they become domestic (trying to breed to gain a certain trait)
42
Tameness
Occurs during an animals lifetime , that allows them to get used to people
Implies zero flight distance (human can approach animal without running away)
43
Domestication vs tameness
Animals can be tame, BUT aggressive if threatened (dogs/cats in clinic)
Animals that evolved without predators are tame but domesticated (galopagos birds)
44
Recognizing and handling fear in cats
Fear: low body position, puffed tail, Halloween cat , trembling, tense body/face, airplane ears, vocalize, puffed tail, piloerection, worried look, move away, hard eyes, fixation, raised paw, bare teeth
45
No free lunch theory
Teaches dog self control
Needs to be consistent
Owners consistency rewards good behaviours, remove rewards (punishments) for undesirable behaviours
46
Classical conditioning
Association of something adverse with something good
Dogs can have conditioned responses to fear (fear of vacuum)
Cats coming into clinic: carrier being brought out, cat disappears. Counter conditioning - working towards a positive interaction with the offending item
47
Operant Conditioning
| 4 types
Rewarding a positive behaviour with a treat afterwards
1) positive reinforcement
2) negative reinforcement
3) positive punishment
4) negative punishment
48
Positive reinforcement
Reward (add) for positive behaviour
| Example: giving a treat when doing command/something good
49
Negative reinforcement
Remove something adverse to continue positive behaviour
| Ex: dog pulling, then owner pulls back but stops pulling as soon as dog stops pulling
50
Positive punishment
Add something adverse to stop behaviour
| Example: yelling at animal to stop behaviour
51
Negative punishment
Remove reward to decrease behaviour
Timing has to be perfect. Tends to make behaviour worse
Example: take toys/treats away when pet is not acting right
52
Behaviour modification
```
Habituation
Flooding
Desensitization
Classical counterconditioning
Operant counterconditioning
```
53
Habituation
Response to the stimuli decreases with time
54
Flooding
Bombard animal with stimulus
Not recommended
Behaviour can escalate
55
Desentiziation
Give low level stimulus that pet won't respond to
56
Classical counterconditioning
Pair reward with desensitization
| Example: play with feet while giving treats
57
Operant counter conditioning
Pet trained to do incompatible behaviour when stimulus triggers bad behaviour
Example: redirection of focus from stimuli to something that dog can do to get treat while stimulus is still present
58
When should you counter condition
```
For mussles
Nail trims
Vaccines
Kennelling
Car rides
```
59
First 5 principles of
| Principles of low stress handling
1) start with a comfortable environment
2) keep the animal from pacing, squirming, excited movements
3) support the pet well, keep it well balanced
4) be aware that nervous/confused animals may resist handling as a reflex
5) know how to place your hands and body to control movement in any direction
60
Last 5 steps of low stress handling
6) wait until pet relaxed before starting a procedure
7) use minimum restraint required for animal
8) avoid prolonged fighting/struggling (3 seconds K9, 1-2 seconds cats)
9) use distractions/awards when appropriate
10) adjust your handling based on the animals response to restraint. Be flexible with your technique.
61
Signals of aggressive intent
```
Pens crowning
Teeth chattering
Sweaty paws
Lip licking
Stress vocalizations
Dilated pupils
Whale eye
Airplane ears
Urogenital checkout
```
62
Calming signals
```
Look away
Raises paw
Sniffing
Sneezing
Scratching
Shaking off
Yawning
Lip/nose licking
```
63
Distance increasing signals
```
Used to gain social distance
Read to prevent getting bitten
Marking territory
Hard eyes
Showing teeth
Ears alert/forward
Lowered head
Piloerection
Whale eye
Ground scratching
Lowered head/neck
Brief look away
```
64
Distance decreasing signals
```
Never punish
Invites interaction with other animals
Easy wagging tail
Whole butt is moving
Flipping tongue
Submissive grin
```
65
Displacement behaviours
```
Performed to change the motivation in a given situation in order to escape
Marking territory
Inappropriate increase in activity
Stretching
Yawning
Shaking off
Looks away
```
66
Appropriate restraint for SQ fluids
Lateral
67
When are injections the fastest
The higher the blood supply
68
Needle size
```
Large needles (lower #s) more painful
Small needles (higher #s) less painful
```
69
SC sizes
22G black/grey
| 25G blue
70
IM sizes
28G
| 30G
71
Restraining for vaccinations
Know which vaccines are to be given and be able to recognize if diluent is needed , what syringe size and needle are needed, if intra nasal vaccine will need applicator
72
Where is FVRCP vaccine given
Right fore leg
73
Where is rabies vaccine given
Right hind leg
74
Where is FLV given
Left hind leg
75
DHP in dogs
Between shoulder blades
76
Rabies dogs
Inbetween shoulder blades if SQ
| Hind leg if IM
77
Vaccine restraint
Minimal
May not need assistant
Owners often hold
78
Head restraint tools
Elizabethan collars
Neck braces
Muzzles
79
Leg restraint
Hobbles
| Splints
80
Restraining for radiographs
| 1) safety of handler
```
PPE (personal protective equipment)
Aprons
Thyroid screens
Gloves
Dosimeters
Distance
Use of sedation and anesthesia
Avoid manual restraint
Keep head, hands and body parts out of X-ray beam
```
81
Restraining for radiographs
| 2) safety of animals
Never leave unattended on table
Careful of bruising on table (spine, head, limbs)
Avoid over stretching, abnormal positioning
82
Restraining for radiographs
| 3) positioning
Symmetrical positioning
Use of positioning devices (sand bags, foam wedges, towels, ropes, muzzles to extend head, tape
Remove radio opaque objections (collars, splints, barium on coat)
83
Euthanasia
IV catheterization or off the vein injection
IV injection
Cephalic
Hugging head, holding leg, tucking body into our body (sternly recumbancy, can be lateral as well)
84
Anesthesia sedation
Pre-mix- causes drowsiness/sedation
Injection- SC/IM
Fully awake
85
Anesthesia induction
Now sedated
IV anesthetic
Go fully asleep, get intubated from sedation to maintenance
86
Anesthesia maintenance
Lay on side
Prep in treatment room then move to surgery room
Oxygen and ISO breathed in via ET tube
Monitors are all attatched at this point.
This is when surgery happens
87
Anesthesia recovery
```
Most deaths occur here
Temperature and allergic reactions
Aren't monitored as closely
Dysphoria (thrashing, screaming)
IV catheter removal.
```
88
Intubation
```
Hand over top of muzzle
Fingers behind the canine teeth
Watch for bite reflex
Don't put fingers into mouth
Heavy hands: scruff and hold top jaw (maxilla)
Sternal or lateral recumbency
```
