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Restraint > Restraint Final > Flashcards

Restraint Final Flashcards

1
Q

Generic food

A

Least expensive
No name brand
Low quality protein
Less digestible

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2
Q

Popular

A 
Recognizable brands from big companies 
Grocery stores 
More advertising done 
Still less quality than premium to keep cost low
Higher in grains
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3
Q

Premium dog food

A 
More expensive 
High quality protein/less fillers 
Dog needs less food 
Less stool 
Vets and pet stores 
Highly digestible 
Validate claims through aafco
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4
Q

Reasons to hand feed puppies and kittens

A

Insufficient milk
Dam sick and unable to supplement runts
Unhealthy puppies

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5
Q

What kind of milk to use for hand feeding

A

Use commercially formulated puppy and kitten milk (vets and pet stores)
Can use emergency formulas if necessary (consult dvm) only used short term
No cow milk (high I’m lactose, not high enough in calories and protein)
Come in powders (to mix) or liquids- refrigerate (don’t freeze)

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6
Q

Following instructions for hand feeding formula

A

Calculate formula by age and weight
Then divide into daily feedings
Check temperature on inner arm (not too hot)
Full belly and milk bubbles around lips when full.
Stimulate genitals after feeding

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7
Q

What to do if puppy or kitten is dehydrated

A

Give warm glucose and water solution

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8
Q

What can over feeding do

A 
Cause diarrhea (yellow, soft) 
Reduced digestion
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9
Q

What can under feeding do

A

Crying
Lack of weight gain
Chilled

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10
Q

How to know if you are feeding correct amount

A

Should have 4-5 stools a day (1 per feeding)
Should be firm and light brown
Normal stool and steady weight = right amount of food

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11
Q

Bottle feeding

A

Okay if good suckle
Should be upright (lying on stomach; NOT like a baby..will go into trachea)
45 degree angle, avoid air in bottle
Commercial or doll bottle
Sometimes need to enlarge hole with needle
NO pouring- can choke
Takes 5 minutes

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12
Q

Tube feeding

A 
Need if not suckle (weak) 
Takes 2 minutes 
Keep horizontal/upright 
Caution to avoid aspiration 
Use feeding tube, measure to stomach (last rib) 
Feel for 2 tubes, stop if coughing 
Try water first, if coughs, wrong tube 
Slowly give formula
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13
Q

How many times a day do you feed

A

Initially feed 6x daily
Then 4-6x daily
Then 3-4x daily by 3-4 weeks if healthy

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14
Q

How much to feed unhealthy and thin

A

6-8x daily as required

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15
Q

Weaning puppies

A

Introduce solid foods at 3-4 weeks
Weaning not complete until 6-8 weeks
Puppies up to 6 months require double the calories and protein compared to adults
Snacks limited to keep balanced diet
No free feeding: can lead to joint problems

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16
Q

Large breed puppies

A

Best to feed large breed formulations
Designed to have slower growth rate (easier on joints)
Lower in calories, fat, calcium
Can feed less regular puppy diet

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17
Q

Weaning cats

A

Remove queen 2 hours before solid food offered
1 part kitten kibble with 3 parts water/milk
Warm up, offer in small bowl
3-4x daily
Gradually reduce amount of liquid in mix
Return queen after meal

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18
Q

If diarrhea while weening

A

Reduce amount of solid food

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19
Q

Drying up queens milk

A

As kittens nurse less, decrease queens food intake (helps dry up milk)
To dry up quick: no food for 24hrs then slowly go back to normal

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20
Q

Feeding weening kittens

A

Feed as much as they will eat (hard to over feed)
Keep on kitten food until 1 year (unless spayed/neutered)
Longer if larger breed (Maine coon)

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21
Q

Special needs of adult dogs

A

Switch to adult food at 1 Year
Less protein and fat than puppy food
Feed BID
Avoid free feeding: if over weight/over eat
No left overs
Canned semi - moist removed after 15 min
Less calories: as they age/ inactive

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22
Q

Bb

A

Nn

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23
Q

Special needs of adult dogs

A

Switch to adult food at 1 Year
Less protein and fat than puppy food
Feed BId
Avoid over feeding: if over weight/over eat
No left overs
Canned or semi moist: remove after 15 min
Less calories as they age or when inactive

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24
Q

Special needs of adult cats

A

All life stages need to have extra protein to be appropriate for kitten
Can cause weight gain in adult cats
Amount of food cat needs varies on metabolic rate/activity level (as well as bone structure)
Spayed/neutered: lower metabolism

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25
Q

Working dogs

A

Need more calories
Highly digestible diet with more fat
Working dog formulas/puppy food
Feed less “off season”

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26
Q

Pregnant/lactating dogs

A

Pregnant: feed as usual first 4 weeks
On day 35, gradually increase until 1.5x normal amount
Continue until whelping occurs then switch to puppy food
Feed 2-3x daily
Don’t increase calories if over weight
No supplements
Eat less in last 1-2 weeks: feed several small meals over day (less room for stomach)

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27
Q

Lactating dogs

A

Increase food intake to 2-3x normal amount
Need by 3-4 weeks (most draining)
Puppy food, good quality
Free feed

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28
Q

Pregnant/lactating cats

A

Moderate exercise, decrease late pregnancy
Feed normal first 4 weeks
After four weeks: good quality kitten food
No supplements/obesity (monitor BCS)
Appetite decreases late stage (less room) - feed small meals more often
Free fed- need lots of nutrients 2-4 weeks after queening
Canned food: 3-4x daily

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29
Q

Special needs of senior animals

A

30% less calories than adults
Preventing obesity increases lifespan
Less of adult food or senior diet
More needs for supplements

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30
Q

Added supplements in senior dog food

A

Antioxidants (vitamin E and C) help liver and joints

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31
Q

Why are not all senior diets advisable for all senior animals

A

Special diet may be required for underlying health problem
If underweight, may need more calories (adult food)
Chicken, beef, tuna can be added to encourage appetite in underweight animals
Talk to DVM regarding health issues

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32
Q

Pros and cons to free choice

A

Fine if not over weight or lactating
If multiple pets: hard to tell who is eating what
Very easily leads to obesity

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33
Q

Pros and cons to measured meals

A

Easier to monitor appetite / control weight

Essential for canned and moist

34
Q

Concerns of raw diets

A

Raw meat with fruit/veggies/grains/meaty bones: hard to balance
Zoonotic disease a risk (salmonella)
Careful storage/hygiene

35
Q

Concerns of home made diet

A

Hard to do
R eccomend Hilary Watson
If do, consult a nutritionist first

36
Q

Why are scraps and people food not a good idea for dogs

A

Can lead to unbalanced diet
Can lead to dog not wanting to eat their own food
Can lead to obesity/pancreatitis/begging
Some dogs lactose intolerant

37
Q

Why are treats such as liver, raw eggs, milk not a good idea for cats

A

Inadequate nutrition
Will refuse to eat anything else
Liver: vitamin a overdose leads to toxicity
Raw eggs/fish contain anti-vitamins and bind Di vitamins leading to a deficiency
Many cats lactose intolerant

38
Q

When are supplements appropriate

A

Not necessary on balanced diet
Poor eater/health condition (may consider) consult vet
May need supplements on raw diet to balance

39
Q

Common dog supplements

A

Glucosamine / chondroitin for joints

Omega 3s - coat or anti inflammatory

40
Q

Common cat supplements

A 
B vitamin (CRF or digestive problems) 
Antioxidants (vitamin E/C) reduced degeneration
41
Q

New diet for dogs and cats

A

Slowly mix diet (usually over 7-10 days)
Gradually increases as animal gets used to food
Monitor stool and appetite (call vet if concerns: V/D , anorexia)
Do not starve (sometimes won’t eat)

42
Q

Dogs: various weight loss diet options

A

Usually do to over feeding; some breeds pre disposed
Can shorten life by 2 years
Know BCS condition
No free feeding (feed regular meals)
Avoid treats/scraps
Exercise regularly, weigh every 2-4 weeks

43
Q

Dog obesity problems

A

Diabetes
High BP
Heart disease
Arthritis

44
Q

Cat obesity problems

A 
Diabetes
Arthritis 
Hepatic lipidosis 
Poor grooming 
Heart disease
45
Q

Prescription diets for weight loss

A

More research done to aid in weight loss
Designed to have animals feel more full
Metabolic: measure dog/cat to formulate specific needs
Computer programs to figure out exact calorie needs

46
Q

Why client shouldn’t feed fat animal less of his regular diet

A

Cat will not feel full (starving cat)
Not receiving proper nutrition for body
More storage of fat (starvation mode) rather than losing.

47
Q

BCS ideal score

A

4-5/9 ideal

Used to assess ideal condition, as a guideline for weight loss (or gain)

48
Q

Causes of obesity

A

Excessive caloric intake
Ascites (liver disease, heart disease, tumor, trauma)
Hypothyroidism
Cushings: change in hormones, stress and metabolism, leads to more fat distribution in abdomen
Arthritis
Medications
GIT bacteria

49
Q

Steps to picking a diet

A 
Choose a brand you trust 
Choose preferred protein source 
Preference for carbs/how many carbs 
How much fat? 
How many calories? 
Avoid extra fat, sugar, salt 
Avoid excessive preservatives
50
Q

Trying food

A 
How does pet do? Good stool? 
How often? How much? A lot/frequent stool sign of poor quality 
No vomit/diarrhea? Stool firm? 
No health issues? 
Good coat? 
Likes?
51
Q

Signs a food isn’t right for a dog

A 
Diarrhea/constipation 
Very stinky 
Frequent defecation 
Dull, flaky or greasy coat: too little or too much fat 
Smelly dog 
Tiredness/lethargy 
Moodiness
52
Q

Foods to avoid

A 
Chocolate 
Caffeine 
Alcohol 
Avocado 
Macadamia nuts 
Grapes and raisins 
Clotilda, rhubarb
53
Q

Medical conditions linked to obesity

A 
Arthritis 
Diabetes 
High blood pressure 
High cholesterol 
Pancreatitis 
Respiratory disease
54
Q

Why is a PE important before an exercise program

A

Want to rule out medical reasons for weight
Want to make sure healthy enough for exercise and suitable to go on diet food
Want exercise and diet tailored to pet

55
Q

When to be careful with exercise

A

Age
Joints
Brachyceohalics

56
Q

Types of exercise

A

Hugh activity: running, jumping, fetching

Low: swimming, walks

57
Q

Weight loss programs

A

Computer programs calculate exact dietary needs
Print out and give to owner
Always follow up with any diet plan

58
Q

Explain why supplements may not be safe

A

May do nothing or no research
Potential for harmful side effects
No magic pill available

59
Q

L carnitine

A

Required to move fatty acids into cell and break down during metabolism
Studies show can help lose weight and increase muscle mass
Meat, poultry, fish

60
Q

Yucca

A

Additive thought to reduce pets stool odor
Appears to be safe in small amounts
No studies saying if useful for weight loss
Felt to be anti-inflammatory

61
Q

How to estimate how many calories a dog needs

A

30x (body weight kg) + 70 = RER (resting energy requirements)

62
Q

Why is the RER only an estimate

A

Activity levels vary

Metabolism varies

63
Q

Omega 3

A

Often as fish oils
Often helps benefit
Can be pro anti inflammatory

64
Q

Omega 3 to 6 ratio

A

Thought to be 1:2 or 1:3
Many foods 1:10
Best omega 3 from fish
Thought to help with weight loss, arthritis, coat, inflammatory conditions

65
Q

DAG

A

Diacylglycerol

May increase metabolism

66
Q

How many amino acids do cats have

A

11 can’t make, require in diet

67
Q

Taurine

A

Amino acid required in diet

Decreased taurine leads to blindness , still births, infertility

68
Q

Carnitine

A

Synthesized in kidneys

Important for treatment of hepatic lipidosis

69
Q

Vitamin A

A

Have to get in diet

No supplements unless confirmed to be low

70
Q

Niacin

A

Type of b vitamin

Cats can’t convert tryptophan to niacin effectively

71
Q

Arachidonic acid

A

Become deficient if weight loss or hepatic lipidosis

72
Q

Cysteine

A

Needed for hair growth and scent marking

73
Q

Gross energy

A

Amount of energy released by burning sample of feed in excess oxygen

74
Q

Digestible energy

A

Gross energy in feed minus gross energy in feces

75
Q

Metabolizable energy

A

Amount of energy available after energy for digestion and absorption subtracted

76
Q

Feline obesity

A 
Over feeding 
Discuss BCS 
Want to feed higher protein and fat than carbs 
Regular meals, no free feeding 
Avoid treats 
Excersise cats
77
Q

Why client shouldn’t feed cat less of regular diet

A

Cat will not feel full and starve
No proper nutrition
May store fat rather than losing

78
Q

Ways to support and encourage clients in their pets weight loss journey

A

Encourage monthly weigh ins
Motivators for success (discounts for weight loss)
Before and after pictures

79
Q

Common cat feeding errors

A

Don’t feed dog food.. improper nutrition
Taurine deficiency
Avoid feeding raw fish can lead to brain damage
Don’t overdose with vitamin a, d , calcium or phosphorus

80
Q

Ten guidelines for feeding cats

A 
Never feed dog food 
Special food/treats 1-2x a week in small amounts (shouldn't exceed over 20% of diet)
Never feed just meat 
Uncooked meats avoided for disease concern 
Cats prefer food at room temperature 
Prefer to eat away from liter box 
Water essential 
Highly selective/finicky esters.. 
Maintain a routine

Restraint (4 decks)

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