Restraint Final Flashcards
Generic food
Least expensive
No name brand
Low quality protein
Less digestible
Popular
Recognizable brands from big companies Grocery stores More advertising done Still less quality than premium to keep cost low Higher in grains
Premium dog food
More expensive High quality protein/less fillers Dog needs less food Less stool Vets and pet stores Highly digestible Validate claims through aafco
Reasons to hand feed puppies and kittens
Insufficient milk
Dam sick and unable to supplement runts
Unhealthy puppies
What kind of milk to use for hand feeding
Use commercially formulated puppy and kitten milk (vets and pet stores)
Can use emergency formulas if necessary (consult dvm) only used short term
No cow milk (high I’m lactose, not high enough in calories and protein)
Come in powders (to mix) or liquids- refrigerate (don’t freeze)
Following instructions for hand feeding formula
Calculate formula by age and weight
Then divide into daily feedings
Check temperature on inner arm (not too hot)
Full belly and milk bubbles around lips when full.
Stimulate genitals after feeding
What to do if puppy or kitten is dehydrated
Give warm glucose and water solution
What can over feeding do
Cause diarrhea (yellow, soft) Reduced digestion
What can under feeding do
Crying
Lack of weight gain
Chilled
How to know if you are feeding correct amount
Should have 4-5 stools a day (1 per feeding)
Should be firm and light brown
Normal stool and steady weight = right amount of food
Bottle feeding
Okay if good suckle
Should be upright (lying on stomach; NOT like a baby..will go into trachea)
45 degree angle, avoid air in bottle
Commercial or doll bottle
Sometimes need to enlarge hole with needle
NO pouring- can choke
Takes 5 minutes
Tube feeding
Need if not suckle (weak) Takes 2 minutes Keep horizontal/upright Caution to avoid aspiration Use feeding tube, measure to stomach (last rib) Feel for 2 tubes, stop if coughing Try water first, if coughs, wrong tube Slowly give formula
How many times a day do you feed
Initially feed 6x daily
Then 4-6x daily
Then 3-4x daily by 3-4 weeks if healthy
How much to feed unhealthy and thin
6-8x daily as required
Weaning puppies
Introduce solid foods at 3-4 weeks
Weaning not complete until 6-8 weeks
Puppies up to 6 months require double the calories and protein compared to adults
Snacks limited to keep balanced diet
No free feeding: can lead to joint problems
Large breed puppies
Best to feed large breed formulations
Designed to have slower growth rate (easier on joints)
Lower in calories, fat, calcium
Can feed less regular puppy diet
Weaning cats
Remove queen 2 hours before solid food offered
1 part kitten kibble with 3 parts water/milk
Warm up, offer in small bowl
3-4x daily
Gradually reduce amount of liquid in mix
Return queen after meal
If diarrhea while weening
Reduce amount of solid food
Drying up queens milk
As kittens nurse less, decrease queens food intake (helps dry up milk)
To dry up quick: no food for 24hrs then slowly go back to normal
Feeding weening kittens
Feed as much as they will eat (hard to over feed)
Keep on kitten food until 1 year (unless spayed/neutered)
Longer if larger breed (Maine coon)
Special needs of adult dogs
Switch to adult food at 1 Year
Less protein and fat than puppy food
Feed BID
Avoid free feeding: if over weight/over eat
No left overs
Canned semi - moist removed after 15 min
Less calories: as they age/ inactive
Bb
Nn
Special needs of adult dogs
Switch to adult food at 1 Year
Less protein and fat than puppy food
Feed BId
Avoid over feeding: if over weight/over eat
No left overs
Canned or semi moist: remove after 15 min
Less calories as they age or when inactive
Special needs of adult cats
All life stages need to have extra protein to be appropriate for kitten
Can cause weight gain in adult cats
Amount of food cat needs varies on metabolic rate/activity level (as well as bone structure)
Spayed/neutered: lower metabolism
Working dogs
Need more calories
Highly digestible diet with more fat
Working dog formulas/puppy food
Feed less “off season”
Pregnant/lactating dogs
Pregnant: feed as usual first 4 weeks
On day 35, gradually increase until 1.5x normal amount
Continue until whelping occurs then switch to puppy food
Feed 2-3x daily
Don’t increase calories if over weight
No supplements
Eat less in last 1-2 weeks: feed several small meals over day (less room for stomach)
Lactating dogs
Increase food intake to 2-3x normal amount
Need by 3-4 weeks (most draining)
Puppy food, good quality
Free feed
Pregnant/lactating cats
Moderate exercise, decrease late pregnancy
Feed normal first 4 weeks
After four weeks: good quality kitten food
No supplements/obesity (monitor BCS)
Appetite decreases late stage (less room) - feed small meals more often
Free fed- need lots of nutrients 2-4 weeks after queening
Canned food: 3-4x daily
Special needs of senior animals
30% less calories than adults
Preventing obesity increases lifespan
Less of adult food or senior diet
More needs for supplements
Added supplements in senior dog food
Antioxidants (vitamin E and C) help liver and joints
Why are not all senior diets advisable for all senior animals
Special diet may be required for underlying health problem
If underweight, may need more calories (adult food)
Chicken, beef, tuna can be added to encourage appetite in underweight animals
Talk to DVM regarding health issues
Pros and cons to free choice
Fine if not over weight or lactating
If multiple pets: hard to tell who is eating what
Very easily leads to obesity
Pros and cons to measured meals
Easier to monitor appetite / control weight
Essential for canned and moist
Concerns of raw diets
Raw meat with fruit/veggies/grains/meaty bones: hard to balance
Zoonotic disease a risk (salmonella)
Careful storage/hygiene
Concerns of home made diet
Hard to do
R eccomend Hilary Watson
If do, consult a nutritionist first
Why are scraps and people food not a good idea for dogs
Can lead to unbalanced diet
Can lead to dog not wanting to eat their own food
Can lead to obesity/pancreatitis/begging
Some dogs lactose intolerant
Why are treats such as liver, raw eggs, milk not a good idea for cats
Inadequate nutrition
Will refuse to eat anything else
Liver: vitamin a overdose leads to toxicity
Raw eggs/fish contain anti-vitamins and bind Di vitamins leading to a deficiency
Many cats lactose intolerant
When are supplements appropriate
Not necessary on balanced diet
Poor eater/health condition (may consider) consult vet
May need supplements on raw diet to balance
Common dog supplements
Glucosamine / chondroitin for joints
Omega 3s - coat or anti inflammatory
Common cat supplements
B vitamin (CRF or digestive problems) Antioxidants (vitamin E/C) reduced degeneration
New diet for dogs and cats
Slowly mix diet (usually over 7-10 days)
Gradually increases as animal gets used to food
Monitor stool and appetite (call vet if concerns: V/D , anorexia)
Do not starve (sometimes won’t eat)
Dogs: various weight loss diet options
Usually do to over feeding; some breeds pre disposed
Can shorten life by 2 years
Know BCS condition
No free feeding (feed regular meals)
Avoid treats/scraps
Exercise regularly, weigh every 2-4 weeks
Dog obesity problems
Diabetes
High BP
Heart disease
Arthritis
Cat obesity problems
Diabetes Arthritis Hepatic lipidosis Poor grooming Heart disease
Prescription diets for weight loss
More research done to aid in weight loss
Designed to have animals feel more full
Metabolic: measure dog/cat to formulate specific needs
Computer programs to figure out exact calorie needs
Why client shouldn’t feed fat animal less of his regular diet
Cat will not feel full (starving cat)
Not receiving proper nutrition for body
More storage of fat (starvation mode) rather than losing.
BCS ideal score
4-5/9 ideal
Used to assess ideal condition, as a guideline for weight loss (or gain)
Causes of obesity
Excessive caloric intake
Ascites (liver disease, heart disease, tumor, trauma)
Hypothyroidism
Cushings: change in hormones, stress and metabolism, leads to more fat distribution in abdomen
Arthritis
Medications
GIT bacteria
Steps to picking a diet
Choose a brand you trust Choose preferred protein source Preference for carbs/how many carbs How much fat? How many calories? Avoid extra fat, sugar, salt Avoid excessive preservatives
Trying food
How does pet do? Good stool? How often? How much? A lot/frequent stool sign of poor quality No vomit/diarrhea? Stool firm? No health issues? Good coat? Likes?
Signs a food isn’t right for a dog
Diarrhea/constipation Very stinky Frequent defecation Dull, flaky or greasy coat: too little or too much fat Smelly dog Tiredness/lethargy Moodiness
Foods to avoid
Chocolate Caffeine Alcohol Avocado Macadamia nuts Grapes and raisins Clotilda, rhubarb
Medical conditions linked to obesity
Arthritis Diabetes High blood pressure High cholesterol Pancreatitis Respiratory disease
Why is a PE important before an exercise program
Want to rule out medical reasons for weight
Want to make sure healthy enough for exercise and suitable to go on diet food
Want exercise and diet tailored to pet
When to be careful with exercise
Age
Joints
Brachyceohalics
Types of exercise
Hugh activity: running, jumping, fetching
Low: swimming, walks
Weight loss programs
Computer programs calculate exact dietary needs
Print out and give to owner
Always follow up with any diet plan
Explain why supplements may not be safe
May do nothing or no research
Potential for harmful side effects
No magic pill available
L carnitine
Required to move fatty acids into cell and break down during metabolism
Studies show can help lose weight and increase muscle mass
Meat, poultry, fish
Yucca
Additive thought to reduce pets stool odor
Appears to be safe in small amounts
No studies saying if useful for weight loss
Felt to be anti-inflammatory
How to estimate how many calories a dog needs
30x (body weight kg) + 70 = RER (resting energy requirements)
Why is the RER only an estimate
Activity levels vary
Metabolism varies
Omega 3
Often as fish oils
Often helps benefit
Can be pro anti inflammatory
Omega 3 to 6 ratio
Thought to be 1:2 or 1:3
Many foods 1:10
Best omega 3 from fish
Thought to help with weight loss, arthritis, coat, inflammatory conditions
DAG
Diacylglycerol
May increase metabolism
How many amino acids do cats have
11 can’t make, require in diet
Taurine
Amino acid required in diet
Decreased taurine leads to blindness , still births, infertility
Carnitine
Synthesized in kidneys
Important for treatment of hepatic lipidosis
Vitamin A
Have to get in diet
No supplements unless confirmed to be low
Niacin
Type of b vitamin
Cats can’t convert tryptophan to niacin effectively
Arachidonic acid
Become deficient if weight loss or hepatic lipidosis
Cysteine
Needed for hair growth and scent marking
Gross energy
Amount of energy released by burning sample of feed in excess oxygen
Digestible energy
Gross energy in feed minus gross energy in feces
Metabolizable energy
Amount of energy available after energy for digestion and absorption subtracted
Feline obesity
Over feeding Discuss BCS Want to feed higher protein and fat than carbs Regular meals, no free feeding Avoid treats Excersise cats
Why client shouldn’t feed cat less of regular diet
Cat will not feel full and starve
No proper nutrition
May store fat rather than losing
Ways to support and encourage clients in their pets weight loss journey
Encourage monthly weigh ins
Motivators for success (discounts for weight loss)
Before and after pictures
Common cat feeding errors
Don’t feed dog food.. improper nutrition
Taurine deficiency
Avoid feeding raw fish can lead to brain damage
Don’t overdose with vitamin a, d , calcium or phosphorus
Ten guidelines for feeding cats
Never feed dog food Special food/treats 1-2x a week in small amounts (shouldn't exceed over 20% of diet) Never feed just meat Uncooked meats avoided for disease concern Cats prefer food at room temperature Prefer to eat away from liter box Water essential Highly selective/finicky esters.. Maintain a routine
