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Restraint Final Flashcards

1
Q

Generic food

A

Least expensive
No name brand
Low quality protein
Less digestible

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2
Q

Popular

A 
Recognizable brands from big companies 
Grocery stores 
More advertising done 
Still less quality than premium to keep cost low
Higher in grains
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3
Q

Premium dog food

A 
More expensive 
High quality protein/less fillers 
Dog needs less food 
Less stool 
Vets and pet stores 
Highly digestible 
Validate claims through aafco
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4
Q

Reasons to hand feed puppies and kittens

A

Insufficient milk
Dam sick and unable to supplement runts
Unhealthy puppies

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5
Q

What kind of milk to use for hand feeding

A

Use commercially formulated puppy and kitten milk (vets and pet stores)
Can use emergency formulas if necessary (consult dvm) only used short term
No cow milk (high I’m lactose, not high enough in calories and protein)
Come in powders (to mix) or liquids- refrigerate (don’t freeze)

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6
Q

Following instructions for hand feeding formula

A

Calculate formula by age and weight
Then divide into daily feedings
Check temperature on inner arm (not too hot)
Full belly and milk bubbles around lips when full.
Stimulate genitals after feeding

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7
Q

What to do if puppy or kitten is dehydrated

A

Give warm glucose and water solution

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8
Q

What can over feeding do

A 
Cause diarrhea (yellow, soft) 
Reduced digestion
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9
Q

What can under feeding do

A

Crying
Lack of weight gain
Chilled

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10
Q

How to know if you are feeding correct amount

A

Should have 4-5 stools a day (1 per feeding)
Should be firm and light brown
Normal stool and steady weight = right amount of food

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11
Q

Bottle feeding

A

Okay if good suckle
Should be upright (lying on stomach; NOT like a baby..will go into trachea)
45 degree angle, avoid air in bottle
Commercial or doll bottle
Sometimes need to enlarge hole with needle
NO pouring- can choke
Takes 5 minutes

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12
Q

Tube feeding

A 
Need if not suckle (weak) 
Takes 2 minutes 
Keep horizontal/upright 
Caution to avoid aspiration 
Use feeding tube, measure to stomach (last rib) 
Feel for 2 tubes, stop if coughing 
Try water first, if coughs, wrong tube 
Slowly give formula
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13
Q

How many times a day do you feed

A

Initially feed 6x daily
Then 4-6x daily
Then 3-4x daily by 3-4 weeks if healthy

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14
Q

How much to feed unhealthy and thin

A

6-8x daily as required

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15
Q

Weaning puppies

A

Introduce solid foods at 3-4 weeks
Weaning not complete until 6-8 weeks
Puppies up to 6 months require double the calories and protein compared to adults
Snacks limited to keep balanced diet
No free feeding: can lead to joint problems

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16
Q

Large breed puppies

A

Best to feed large breed formulations
Designed to have slower growth rate (easier on joints)
Lower in calories, fat, calcium
Can feed less regular puppy diet

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17
Q

Weaning cats

A

Remove queen 2 hours before solid food offered
1 part kitten kibble with 3 parts water/milk
Warm up, offer in small bowl
3-4x daily
Gradually reduce amount of liquid in mix
Return queen after meal

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18
Q

If diarrhea while weening

A

Reduce amount of solid food

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19
Q

Drying up queens milk

A

As kittens nurse less, decrease queens food intake (helps dry up milk)
To dry up quick: no food for 24hrs then slowly go back to normal

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20
Q

Feeding weening kittens

A

Feed as much as they will eat (hard to over feed)
Keep on kitten food until 1 year (unless spayed/neutered)
Longer if larger breed (Maine coon)

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21
Q

Special needs of adult dogs

A

Switch to adult food at 1 Year
Less protein and fat than puppy food
Feed BID
Avoid free feeding: if over weight/over eat
No left overs
Canned semi - moist removed after 15 min
Less calories: as they age/ inactive

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22
Q

Bb

A

Nn

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23
Q

Special needs of adult dogs

A

Switch to adult food at 1 Year
Less protein and fat than puppy food
Feed BId
Avoid over feeding: if over weight/over eat
No left overs
Canned or semi moist: remove after 15 min
Less calories as they age or when inactive

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24
Q

Special needs of adult cats

A

All life stages need to have extra protein to be appropriate for kitten
Can cause weight gain in adult cats
Amount of food cat needs varies on metabolic rate/activity level (as well as bone structure)
Spayed/neutered: lower metabolism

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25
Working dogs
Need more calories Highly digestible diet with more fat Working dog formulas/puppy food Feed less "off season"
26
Pregnant/lactating dogs
Pregnant: feed as usual first 4 weeks On day 35, gradually increase until 1.5x normal amount Continue until whelping occurs then switch to puppy food Feed 2-3x daily Don't increase calories if over weight No supplements Eat less in last 1-2 weeks: feed several small meals over day (less room for stomach)
27
Lactating dogs
Increase food intake to 2-3x normal amount Need by 3-4 weeks (most draining) Puppy food, good quality Free feed
28
Pregnant/lactating cats
Moderate exercise, decrease late pregnancy Feed normal first 4 weeks After four weeks: good quality kitten food No supplements/obesity (monitor BCS) Appetite decreases late stage (less room) - feed small meals more often Free fed- need lots of nutrients 2-4 weeks after queening Canned food: 3-4x daily
29
Special needs of senior animals
30% less calories than adults Preventing obesity increases lifespan Less of adult food or senior diet More needs for supplements
30
Added supplements in senior dog food
Antioxidants (vitamin E and C) help liver and joints
31
Why are not all senior diets advisable for all senior animals
Special diet may be required for underlying health problem If underweight, may need more calories (adult food) Chicken, beef, tuna can be added to encourage appetite in underweight animals Talk to DVM regarding health issues
32
Pros and cons to free choice
Fine if not over weight or lactating If multiple pets: hard to tell who is eating what Very easily leads to obesity
33
Pros and cons to measured meals
Easier to monitor appetite / control weight | Essential for canned and moist
34
Concerns of raw diets
Raw meat with fruit/veggies/grains/meaty bones: hard to balance Zoonotic disease a risk (salmonella) Careful storage/hygiene
35
Concerns of home made diet
Hard to do R eccomend Hilary Watson If do, consult a nutritionist first
36
Why are scraps and people food not a good idea for dogs
Can lead to unbalanced diet Can lead to dog not wanting to eat their own food Can lead to obesity/pancreatitis/begging Some dogs lactose intolerant
37
Why are treats such as liver, raw eggs, milk not a good idea for cats
Inadequate nutrition Will refuse to eat anything else Liver: vitamin a overdose leads to toxicity Raw eggs/fish contain anti-vitamins and bind Di vitamins leading to a deficiency Many cats lactose intolerant
38
When are supplements appropriate
Not necessary on balanced diet Poor eater/health condition (may consider) consult vet May need supplements on raw diet to balance
39
Common dog supplements
Glucosamine / chondroitin for joints | Omega 3s - coat or anti inflammatory
40
Common cat supplements
``` B vitamin (CRF or digestive problems) Antioxidants (vitamin E/C) reduced degeneration ```
41
New diet for dogs and cats
Slowly mix diet (usually over 7-10 days) Gradually increases as animal gets used to food Monitor stool and appetite (call vet if concerns: V/D , anorexia) Do not starve (sometimes won't eat)
42
Dogs: various weight loss diet options
Usually do to over feeding; some breeds pre disposed Can shorten life by 2 years Know BCS condition No free feeding (feed regular meals) Avoid treats/scraps Exercise regularly, weigh every 2-4 weeks
43
Dog obesity problems
Diabetes High BP Heart disease Arthritis
44
Cat obesity problems
``` Diabetes Arthritis Hepatic lipidosis Poor grooming Heart disease ```
45
Prescription diets for weight loss
More research done to aid in weight loss Designed to have animals feel more full Metabolic: measure dog/cat to formulate specific needs Computer programs to figure out exact calorie needs
46
Why client shouldn't feed fat animal less of his regular diet
Cat will not feel full (starving cat) Not receiving proper nutrition for body More storage of fat (starvation mode) rather than losing.
47
BCS ideal score
4-5/9 ideal | Used to assess ideal condition, as a guideline for weight loss (or gain)
48
Causes of obesity
Excessive caloric intake Ascites (liver disease, heart disease, tumor, trauma) Hypothyroidism Cushings: change in hormones, stress and metabolism, leads to more fat distribution in abdomen Arthritis Medications GIT bacteria
49
Steps to picking a diet
``` Choose a brand you trust Choose preferred protein source Preference for carbs/how many carbs How much fat? How many calories? Avoid extra fat, sugar, salt Avoid excessive preservatives ```
50
Trying food
``` How does pet do? Good stool? How often? How much? A lot/frequent stool sign of poor quality No vomit/diarrhea? Stool firm? No health issues? Good coat? Likes? ```
51
Signs a food isn't right for a dog
``` Diarrhea/constipation Very stinky Frequent defecation Dull, flaky or greasy coat: too little or too much fat Smelly dog Tiredness/lethargy Moodiness ```
52
Foods to avoid
``` Chocolate Caffeine Alcohol Avocado Macadamia nuts Grapes and raisins Clotilda, rhubarb ```
53
Medical conditions linked to obesity
``` Arthritis Diabetes High blood pressure High cholesterol Pancreatitis Respiratory disease ```
54
Why is a PE important before an exercise program
Want to rule out medical reasons for weight Want to make sure healthy enough for exercise and suitable to go on diet food Want exercise and diet tailored to pet
55
When to be careful with exercise
Age Joints Brachyceohalics
56
Types of exercise
Hugh activity: running, jumping, fetching | Low: swimming, walks
57
Weight loss programs
Computer programs calculate exact dietary needs Print out and give to owner Always follow up with any diet plan
58
Explain why supplements may not be safe
May do nothing or no research Potential for harmful side effects No magic pill available
59
L carnitine
Required to move fatty acids into cell and break down during metabolism Studies show can help lose weight and increase muscle mass Meat, poultry, fish
60
Yucca
Additive thought to reduce pets stool odor Appears to be safe in small amounts No studies saying if useful for weight loss Felt to be anti-inflammatory
61
How to estimate how many calories a dog needs
30x (body weight kg) + 70 = RER (resting energy requirements)
62
Why is the RER only an estimate
Activity levels vary | Metabolism varies
63
Omega 3
Often as fish oils Often helps benefit Can be pro anti inflammatory
64
Omega 3 to 6 ratio
Thought to be 1:2 or 1:3 Many foods 1:10 Best omega 3 from fish Thought to help with weight loss, arthritis, coat, inflammatory conditions
65
DAG
Diacylglycerol | May increase metabolism
66
How many amino acids do cats have
11 can't make, require in diet
67
Taurine
Amino acid required in diet | Decreased taurine leads to blindness , still births, infertility
68
Carnitine
Synthesized in kidneys | Important for treatment of hepatic lipidosis
69
Vitamin A
Have to get in diet | No supplements unless confirmed to be low
70
Niacin
Type of b vitamin | Cats can't convert tryptophan to niacin effectively
71
Arachidonic acid
Become deficient if weight loss or hepatic lipidosis
72
Cysteine
Needed for hair growth and scent marking
73
Gross energy
Amount of energy released by burning sample of feed in excess oxygen
74
Digestible energy
Gross energy in feed minus gross energy in feces
75
Metabolizable energy
Amount of energy available after energy for digestion and absorption subtracted
76
Feline obesity
``` Over feeding Discuss BCS Want to feed higher protein and fat than carbs Regular meals, no free feeding Avoid treats Excersise cats ```
77
Why client shouldn't feed cat less of regular diet
Cat will not feel full and starve No proper nutrition May store fat rather than losing
78
Ways to support and encourage clients in their pets weight loss journey
Encourage monthly weigh ins Motivators for success (discounts for weight loss) Before and after pictures
79
Common cat feeding errors
Don't feed dog food.. improper nutrition Taurine deficiency Avoid feeding raw fish can lead to brain damage Don't overdose with vitamin a, d , calcium or phosphorus
80
Ten guidelines for feeding cats
``` Never feed dog food Special food/treats 1-2x a week in small amounts (shouldn't exceed over 20% of diet) Never feed just meat Uncooked meats avoided for disease concern Cats prefer food at room temperature Prefer to eat away from liter box Water essential Highly selective/finicky esters.. Maintain a routine ```

Restraint (4 decks)

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