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Physical Geography > Restless Earth Knowledge > Flashcards

Restless Earth Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the thicker type of crust

A

Continental

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2
Q

Which Type is the older type of Crust at 4.3 billion years old

A

Continental crust

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3
Q

Which way do the plates move at a destructive boundary

A

Towards each other

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4
Q

In which boundary do the plates move away from each other

A

Constructive

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5
Q

Conservative margins move…

A

Side to side of each other

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6
Q

Name the features that can occur at a destructive boundary

A

Composite volcanoes
Earthquakes
Fold mountains
Ocean trenches

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7
Q

Constructive boundries create…

A

Shield volcanoes

Volcanic islands

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8
Q

Describe what happens in a subduction zone

A

The lighter continental plate stays on top whilst the heavier oceanic crust is pushed down where it melts

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9
Q

Describe briefly the three stages in the formation of a fold mountain

A

Sediment forms a thick layer in a geosyncline
The sediments have great pressure in them and solidify
The plates move towards each other forcing the rock up

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10
Q

What is an anticline

A

The peak of a mountain

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11
Q

Why aren’t ocean trenches any use to humans

A

To deep to harvest any products from

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12
Q

How are earthquakes measured in:
A) the Richter scale
B) the mercali scale

A

a) seismographs

B) human judgement

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13
Q

What does the Richter scale measure and how

A

The magnitude and in a logarithmic scale from 1-10

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14
Q

What numerical system is used by the mercali scale

A

Roman numerals

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15
Q

Describe three physical factors that increase the impact of an earthquake

A

High magnitude
Shallow focus
Weak foundations eg sand and clay

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16
Q

Describe four human factors that decrease the impact of an earthquake

A

Low population density
Non residential area
Good housing regulations
Frequent drills

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17
Q

Describe a composite volcano in five points

A 
Steep 
Narrow base 
Viscous lava 
Made of lava + ash 
Irregular eruptions
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18
Q

Describe a shield volcano in five points

A 
Gentle slopes 
Wide base
Runny lava
Only made up of lava 
Frequent but inexplosive eruptions
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19
Q

How many times bigger is a supervolcanos eruption than a regular volcano

A

1000 times bigger

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20
Q

What two global effect would a super volcano eruption have on earth

A

Global dimming

Global cooling

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21
Q

Define focus

A

The underground centre of the earthquake

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22
Q

“The point directly above the focus”‘is a definition of what

A

The epicentre

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23
Q

How do shockwaves move

A

They radiate out from the focus in all directions

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24
Q

Name the four stage process in which a tsunami is caused

A

Two plates get stuck the. Lose their tension suddenly
An underwater earthquake occurs
Sea bulges up
Waves move towards land

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25
Q

Which is the denser type of crust?

A

Oceanic

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26
Q

Describe oceanic crust in 4 points

A

Newer
Denser
Sink able
Can be renewed

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27
Q

Describe continental crust in 4 points

A

Older
Less dense
Can’t sink
Cannot be renewed or destroyed

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28
Q

Where are constructive margins most common

A

Under the ocean

29
Q

What occurs at constructive plate boundaries

A

Shield volcanoes
Small earthquakes
Formation of new land

30
Q

What type of manga comes from constructive margins

A

Runny lava

31
Q

At a destructive margin which plate subducts under which plate

A

Oceanic goes under the continental

32
Q

What happens to the oceanic crust in the subduction

A

It melts and forms magma

33
Q

Why forms a destructive plate boundaries

A

Ocean trenches
Composite volcanoes
Fold mountains
Earthquakes

34
Q

What is a collision margin

A

A destructive boundary In which both plates are made of continental

35
Q

What forms at collision margins and give an example

A

Fold mountains eg Himalayas

36
Q

In a conservative plate boundry describe the movements of each plate

A

Both plates are going overall in the same direction. One plate may be going faster and so they rub past each other

37
Q

How are earthquakes distributed

A

In linear patterns along plate boundaries

38
Q

How are volcanoes distributed

A

In linear patterns along plate boundaries and hot spots

39
Q

Where do over half the worlds earthquakes occur

A

Pacific ring of fire

40
Q

What is the first stage I the formation of a fold mountain

A

Sediment settles under the ocean in a geosyncline

41
Q

What are the second and third steps of the fold mountain formation

A

The sediment forms sedimentary rock then the destructive plates push it together forcing the rock up

42
Q

How deep are ocean trenches

A

5000-10,000 meters

43
Q

What is the Benioff zone

A

Where earthquakes occur in a destructive boundry

44
Q

Why is the lava coming from shield volcanoes more runny

A

Because it has a low silica content

45
Q

Shield volcanoes are made only from…

A

Lava

46
Q

Shield volcanoes erupt …

A

Frequent

47
Q

How are composite volcanoes formed

A

In the subduction zone of a destructive boundry a pool of magma forms, pressure pushes this up through cracks. Thus causing an eruption, the lava is high silica and so solidifies quickly, over eruptions it builds up

48
Q

Composite volcanoes are formed by

A

Ash and lava

49
Q

What are lahars

A

Mudflows formed by the mixing of water and volcanic ash

50
Q

Why do people live near volcanoes

A

Fertile soils
Tourist attractions (hot springs geysers)
Geothermal power
Valuable minerals (sulphur, borax, pumice)

51
Q

What minerals can be found in volcanoes

A

Diamonds, borax, pumice

52
Q

What are the signs a volcano eruption is going to happen

A

Small earthquake
Steam and gases out of the crater
The crater bulges
The temperature changes

53
Q

What is a tiltmeter

A

A bit of kit to measure slight changes in a volcanoes profile

54
Q

What is the main way volcanoes can be predicted in the long run

A

Historical records

55
Q

Where d super volcanoes occur at

A

Hot spots

56
Q

What is the name for the large depression in which a super volcano is formed

A

A caldera

57
Q

After the eruption what happens to the user volcanoe

A

It collapses into the caldera

58
Q

Where is the focus

A

Exactly at the origin of the earthquake (underground)

59
Q

Where is the epicentre of an earthquake

A

The point directly above the focus on the ground

60
Q

Why is prediction hard for earthquakes

A

It’s very hard to tell when it’s going to happen

61
Q

What do the Chinese and Japanese do to predict earthquakes

A

Monitor animal behaviour

62
Q

Why are the primary and secondary waves less powerful

A

Because they are underground

63
Q

What physical factors decrease the damage of an earthquake

A

Low magnitude

Deep focus

64
Q

What human factors increase damage done by an earthquake

A

Population density
Residential area
Self built housing
Lack of response

65
Q

How can houses be protected from earthquakes

A

Steel frames that move with earthquake
Fire resistant materials
Well built foundations
Shock absorbers

66
Q

What starts a tsunami

A

Earthquakes at sea

67
Q

Why do the waves of tsunami get bigger towards the coast

A

Because they slow down

68
Q

Low silica content lava is Also known as what and is found where

A

Basic lava and in shield volcanoes

69
Q

High silica content is also know as what and is found where

A

Acidic lava and is found at composite volcanoes

Physical Geography (17 decks)

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