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Geography (Physical) > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four layers of the earth?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle and crust

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2
Q

How thick is the crust?

A

10-25miles

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3
Q

What is the crust made up of?

A

Soil, water and rock

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4
Q

What are features of oceanic crust?

A 
Can subduct
Can be renewed and destroyed
Newer-200million years old at most
Denser
Made of silicone and magnesium (sima)
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5
Q

What are features of continental crust?

A 
Cannot sink
Connot be renewed or destroyed
Older, mostly over 1500million years old
Less dense
Made of silicone and aliminium (sial)
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6
Q

How thick is the mantle?

A

1800 miles

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7
Q

What is the temperature of the mantle?

A

500-2000°c

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8
Q

What are the two layers of the mantle?

A

Lithosphere and Asthenosphere

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9
Q

What is the mantle made of?

A

Partly melted and partly solid iron and magnesium

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10
Q

What is the outer core made of?

A

Liquid nickel and iron

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11
Q

How hot is the outercore?

A

5000°c

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12
Q

How thick is the outercore?

A

1430miles

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13
Q

What is the radius of the inner core?

A

750 miles

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14
Q

What is the inner core made of?

A

Solid nickel and iron

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15
Q

What causes plates to move? And what causes these?

A

Convection currents in the mantle which is caused by nuclear decay in the core. Hot material rises and cools at the top which drags the plates

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16
Q

What are the three types of plate margin?

A

Constructive, destructive, conservative

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17
Q

What occurs at constructive plate boundaries?

A

The plates moving away which allows magma to rise SHEILD VOLCANOES

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18
Q

Where are most constructive plate boundaries?

A

Usually under the sea

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19
Q

What is an example of a constructive plate boundary?

A

Mid atlantic ridge in Iceland

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20
Q

What happens at a destructive plate boundary?

A

2 plates move towards eachother, lighter continental crust stays on the top whilst the oceanic crust subducts into the mantle where it melts

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21
Q

What sort of volcanoes are featured at a destructive boundary?

A

Composite

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22
Q

What four things are features of a destructive plate boundary?

A

Composite volcanoes
Violent earthquakes
Ocean trenches
Fold mountains

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23
Q

Which plate margin doesnt feature volcanoes?

A

Conservative

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24
Q

What is an example of a conservative plate margin?

A

The San Andreas fault line, north american plate and pacific plates

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25
Q

What are three examples of fold mountains?

A

The Himalayas
The Andes
The Alps

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26
Q

Explain the formation of fold mountains

A 
Rivers carry sediment into a geosyncline
The sediments build up
Convection current drive plates together
Sediments begin to up lift
Fol mountains are formed with sinclines and anticlines
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27
Q

What is the anticline?

A

The uplcline of fold mountains/folded rocks

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28
Q

What is a sincline?

A

The down fold of folded rocks

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29
Q

What is an overfold?

A

Where a fold has been pushed over on one side

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30
Q

What case study is used for human uses of fold mountains?

A

The Alps

31
Q

Where are the Alps?

A

750miles/1200km from the border of Italy

Bordering the countries of France, Austria and Slovenia

32
Q

Which plates are pushing against eachother to form the Alps?

A

The African and Eurasian

33
Q

What is the highest point of the Alps?

A

Mont Blanc 4810m

34
Q

What generates HEP in the Alps?

A

Water run off from melting snow, high precipitation, melting glaciers. They produce fast flowing rivers

35
Q

How much energy does the Grand Dixence provide Switzerland with?

A

70%

36
Q

What is transhumance farming?

A

Letting cattle graze on the mountains in summer then returning them to sheds on the valley floor in winter

37
Q

Why do people visit the Alps in summer?

A

For the lakes, beautiful scenery and hiking

38
Q

What is a disadvantage about winter sports of the Alps?

A

The slopes are being worn down which is increasing the number of bare surfaces and the risk of soil erosion. This can damage local vegetation

39
Q

What is a plentiful resource in the Alps?

A

Wood from coniferous trees

40
Q

What is a dormant volcano? Add example

A

Hasn’t erupted in 2000 years e.g Santorini, Greece

41
Q

What is an extinct volcano? Give and example

A

Unlikely to erupt ever again e.e. Devil’s Tower, Wyoming

42
Q

What is an active volcano? Give an example

A

Has erupted recently and likely to erupt again e.g. Mt Etna, Sicily

43
Q

Where are sheild volcanoes formed?

A

Constructive boundaries

44
Q

How are sheild volcanoes formed?

A

Magama rises between the plates to fill the gap

45
Q

Which type of volcano is more destructive/explosive?

A

Composite

46
Q

Which volcano’s lava is more viscous?

A

Composite

47
Q

Which volcano has gentle slopes with a wide base?

A

Sheild

48
Q

What is a composite volcano made of?

A

Layers of lava and ash

49
Q

What is an example of a sheild volcano?

A

Surtsey Island, Iceland

50
Q

What is an example of a composite volcano?

A

Mt Etna, Sicily

Krakatoa, Indonesia

51
Q

Why do humans live near volcanoes?

A
  • The local soil is very fertile when mixed with volcanic ash
  • The geothermal energy
  • sulfur mining in Indonesia
  • diamond, gold, silver, copper mining
  • tourism like at Mt Fiji in Japan where over 100million tourists visit a year
52
Q

What do people say for why they choose to live near a volcano?

A

‘The positives outweigh the negatives’

53
Q

What is a supervolcano?

A

A colossal volcano that erupts atleast 1000km^3 of material

54
Q

Where is the main distribution of supervolcanoes?

A

The west of the Nort American plate

55
Q

What are some causes of a supervolcano?

A

Destructive plate margin where magma can rise and make a hotspot
The magma rise through a pipe from the mantle to the crust where it gets trapped underneath a layer of rock
As it increases in size, the pressure adds to the crust
Eventually the crust gives in and collapses to form a caldera

56
Q

What escapes through cracks in a caldera?

A

Lava, tephra and pyroclastic flows

57
Q

What are some features that are close to supervolcanoes?

A

Geysers
Fissures
Caldera

58
Q

What is a fissure?

A

An extended opening that along the line of weakness which allows magma to escape

59
Q

Where do earthquakes occur?

A

All three types of plate margin

60
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

The point at which the earthquake happens beneath the earth

61
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The location of the focus on the surface of the crust

62
Q

What is a seismic wave?

A

Waves that radiate out in all directions from the focus

63
Q

Why do earthquakes occur?

A

When two plates move past eachother without a smooth movement

64
Q

What causes the pllates to get stuck and what does this cause?

A

Friction then pressure

65
Q

What are the two different scales to measure earthquakes?

A

Richter and Mercalli

66
Q

What is the main difference between the richter and mercalli scale?

A

The Richter uses a mathematical grapher whereas the mercalli scale is based on opinion (subjective)

67
Q

What does the richter scale go up to?

A

10

68
Q

What does the mercalli scale up to?

A

12

69
Q

What is the mercalli scale based on?

A

The impact of the earthquake

70
Q

Who invented the Mercalli scale and when?

A

Guiseppe Mercalli, 1902

71
Q

Who invented the Richter scale and when?

A

Charles Richter, 1935

72
Q

Why is a tsunami seen as a secondary effect?

A

Because an earthquake has to trigger it first

73
Q

How do tsunamis occur?

A
  • Plates push together and get stuck
  • this causes an earthquake from the upward movement of one plate
  • this action displaces water above it in the sea
  • waves build up whilst moving towards land
  • eventually a huge wave drives towards land

Geography (Physical) (11 decks)

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