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Geography (Physical) > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a destructive way?

A

The swash is weak and the back wash is strong which means material is dragged back down a beach into the sea

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2
Q

What types of weathering are there?

A

Freeze thaw
Chemical
Biological

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3
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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4
Q

How does slumps happen?

A

When the rock is saturated and slides down a curved slip plane

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5
Q

What causes a wave?

A

When wind is blowing across the sea, friction between the wind and water surface causes the wave

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6
Q

What is wave frequency?

A

The number of waves passing a point per second

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7
Q

What is a wave period?

A

The time required for the wave to crest at one point to another

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8
Q

What is the swash of a wave?

A

Forward movement of water at the beach

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9
Q

What is the back wash of a wave?

A

The backward movement of water returning back to the sea under the influence of gravity, falls at 90° to the beach

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10
Q

What is a discordant costline?

A

When hard and soft rocks are lined up vertically

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11
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

When different type sof rocks are lined up horizontally

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12
Q

What features are formed at a discordant coastline?

A

Headland

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13
Q

What feature is formed at a concordant coastline?

A

Cove and bays

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14
Q

Name a method of physical/mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw, water freezes in small cracks to expand them and repeats over time for the rock to eventually break off

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15
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

When acidic rain with CO2 in it reacts with rocks like limestone and dissloves it

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16
Q

What is a landslide?

A

Where blocks of rock are displaced and slide downhill

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17
Q

What is a mudflow?

A

Where saturated soil and small rock flows down a slope

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18
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The process by which material is moved a lon a coastline

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19
Q

What do prevailing winds determine?

A

The angle of the swash

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20
Q

What features can result from a headland?

A

Caves, arches, stacks

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21
Q

How is a stack/stump formed?

A

Hydraulic action on a cliff faces forms cracks from the sheer pressure
The cracks weaken and rock breaks off to form a cave
After continuous weathering and erosion, the cave breaks through to form an arch
The arch is attacked by waves putting more pressure on top of the arch so eventually it falls off
This leaves a stack which is eventually eroded into a stump

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22
Q

What is a wave cut plat form?

A

The sloping left behind ad a result of clifff retreat

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23
Q

What happens in cliff retreat

A

The same as a formation of a waterfall but the under cut is called a ‘wave cut notch’

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24
Q

What are deposition landforms a result of?

A

Constructive waves

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25
Q

What are some despositional land forms?

A

Spit and beaches

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26
Q

What is a beach?

A

The accumulation aof sand and shingle found where deposition occurs on the coast

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27
Q

Where does wave refraction occur?

A

When they evter sheltered bays

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28
Q

Why does deposition occur in a bay?

A

Because wave refraction spreads out and reduces the wave energy

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29
Q

What is an example of.a spit?

A

Spurn point, Yorkshire coastline

30
Q

What is a spit?

A

A finger of new land made of sand and shingle, jutting out into the sea from the coast

31
Q

What created spits?

A

Long term long shore drift

32
Q

What is a bar?

A

A spit that has fpgrown across a bay

33
Q

Why are sea levels rising?

A

Thermal expansion
Melting glaciers and mountain ice caps
Greenland and antarctic ice sheets melt

34
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A change in sea level that is caused by bad weather

35
Q

What are two causes of storm surges?

A

High winds

Low pressure

36
Q

What is an impact of sea level rising?

A

Loss of island ps like Tuvalu and the Maldives

37
Q

What are the potential impacts of sea level change on South east england?

A

Erosion rate increases in Happisburgh

Flooding of valuable farm land in The Fens

38
Q

What happened at Canvey Island in 1953?

A

300 people were killed after a storm surge

39
Q

What does the thames barrier protect?

A

1.25million people

£80billion worth of buildings

40
Q

What is the case study for cliff collapse?

A

Holbeck Hall in Scarborough , 1993

41
Q

What happened at holbeck hall?

A

The clay dried up in the cliffs due to a dry summer in 1992 but the winter of 92-93 was very wet so it saturated the clay
Huge blocks of clay slipped down the cliff, lubricatesby water along the cracks (rotational cliff slumping)

42
Q

What type of rock was the cliff composed of at holbeck hall?

A

Boulder clay

43
Q

What was the impact of the cliff collapse at holbeck hall?

A

Tourism industry fell

Loss of housing-> no home insurance -> stress

44
Q

What was a response of the cliff collapse at holbeck hall?

A

£2million of defences

45
Q

What can be done to stop cliff collapse?

A

Plant new vegetation thats resistant to salt and erosion
Rocka rmour
Sheets of special strong plastic called geotextile
Drainage plants

46
Q

What are advantages of hard engineering?

A

Likely to be effective
Land will be stable
Income (tourism protected)

47
Q

What are some advantages of soft engineering?

A

Works with nature
Blends into the environment
Sustainable

48
Q

What are disadvantages of hard engineering?

A

Expensive
Needs to be maintained
Visual impacts
Interfere with natural processes

49
Q

What are some disadvantages of soft engineering?

A

Areas can be lost to the sea
Might not be as effective
People can lose their homes

50
Q

What are three coastal management mathods (hard)?

A

Groynes
Rock armour
Sea walls

51
Q

What are three coastal management mathods (soft)?

A

Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Managed retreat and salt marsh creation

52
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

The addition of snad and shingle to dissipate wave energy so erosion reduces

53
Q

How much does beach nourishment cost?

A

£3000/m

54
Q

What is a groyne?

A

Timer/rock at 90° to coast line

Built out into the sea

55
Q

What are pros and cons of groynes?

A

Pros:relatively inexpensive compared to other structures
Cons: increases rate of erosion further down the coast

56
Q

What is the most expensive hard engineering strategy for coastal manage ment?

A

Sea walls - £6million per km

57
Q

What is the case study for coastal management?

A

Holderness Coast, East Yorkshire

58
Q

How much has the land at holderness coast retreated since the roman times?

A

3-4km, 29 villages destroyed in last 1000years

59
Q

What/Where is Cliff House farm?

A

South of mappleton groyne

Theyre pig farmers

60
Q

What are the arguments for Mappleton Groyne?

A

Protects a village of 100 people

Its cheaper ti save the road B1242 than build a new one

61
Q

What are the arguments against Mappleton Groyne?

A

Stress and anxiety if loss of homes

The need for crops from farmland do not have a high demand as they can be imported from the EU

62
Q

What is the coastal habitat case study?

A

Studland Bay, Dorset

63
Q

How are sand dunes formed?

A

When sand is deposited on a beach by longshore drift.
As the sand dries between periods of high and low tide, it can be blown landwards and trapped by plants to become the beginnings of a san dune system

64
Q

What is the order of dunes landwards?

A

Embryo, fore, yellow, grey, mature

65
Q

What is the pioneer species at a sand dune?

A

Seacouch

66
Q

What are the three plants in a dune environment?

A

Seacouch, marram grass, heather

67
Q

What are sand dune environments like?

A 
Alkaline conditions
Large amount of salt spray
Extremely dry
Large supple of sand
A prevailing on shore wind
Large, exposed area
68
Q

How does vegetation change from sea to further in land?

A

Seachouch at embryo and fore dunes
Marram grass at yellow/grey dunes because the roots start to stabalise the dunes
Heather, pine trees at mature dunes so very very stable

69
Q

What case study do we use for managing a coastal environment?

A

Isle of Purbeck in Dorset

70
Q

What are the management strategies used at Isle of Purbeck?

A

Designated paths, board walks, information boards. Planting marram grass

Geography (Physical) (11 decks)

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