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GCSE Geography > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

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0
Q

Features of a shield volcano

A 
Gentle slopes with a wide base
Layers of lava
Frequent eruptions of runny lava
Less violent eruptions
An example is Mauna Loa in Hawaii
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1
Q

Convection current

A

Movement of magma under the crust. It is this movement which causes plates to move creating earthquakes and volcanoes.

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2
Q

What is a Tsunami?

A

A special type of wave where the entire depth of the sea or ocean is set in motion by an event, often an earthquake, which displaces water above it.

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3
Q

Features of a composite volcano

A 
Steep sided cone shape with a narrow base
Alternate layers of lava and ash
Eruptions can be very explosive
Found at Destructive plate margins 
An example is Mount St Helens in the USA
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4
Q

Primary effects of an earthquake.

A

Buildings sway, are damaged or in extreme cases fall down.
Gas mains rupture, water pipes fracture, roads and railway lines are damaged.
People can be injured or killed.

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5
Q

Secondary effects of an earthquake.

A

Fires can spread as electricity lines are damaged.
Disease spreads as local water supplies are contaminated.
Homeless people need temporary housing.
Food and water may need to be brought in to affected areas.

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6
Q

Primary effects of a tsunami

A

Wave washes on to land.
People killed or injured.
Buildings are washed away and destroyed.
Roads and railways are blocked by debris from the wave.

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7
Q

Secondary effects of a tsunami.

A

Disease spreads as dirty water contaminates clean water supplies.
Rotting bodies of the dead can be found on the streets and in collapsed buildings.
Power lines take time to be replaced.
In winter people may freeze as their is no shelter

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8
Q

Features of an earthquake proof building.

A 
Interlocking steel frame.
Cross bracing.
Fire resistant materials.
Foundations in the bedrock.
Rubber shock absorbers.
Open space outside to evacuate to.
Computer controlled weights on the roof to reduce movement.
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9
Q

What case studies (volcano, earthquake or tsunami) have you studied for the Restless Earth unit?

A

Fold mountains in the Andes - farming, HEP, mining and tourism.
Mount St Helens , USA - Volcanic eruption MEDC
Yellowstone national park - super volcano
Kobe, Japan - earthquake MEDC
Sichuan, China - earthquake developing country
Indian Ocean - Tsunami LEDC
Sendai, Japan - Tsunami MEDC

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10
Q

Crust

A

The outer layer of the earth

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11
Q

Plate margin

A

Plate margin

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12
Q

Collision

A

The meeting of two plates of continental crust. They are both the same type so they meet ‘head on’ and buckle

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13
Q

Ocean Trenches

A

Deep sections of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate

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14
Q

Terraces

A

Steps cut into hill sides to create areas of flat land

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15
Q

Hydroelectric Power

A

The use of flowing water to turn turbines to generate electricity

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16
Q

Aid

A

Money, food, training, and technology given by richer countries to poorer ones, either to help with an emergency or to encourage long term development

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17
Q

Immediate response

A

How people react as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath

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18
Q

Vent

A

The opening—usually central and single—in a volcano, from which magma is emitted

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19
Q

Supervolcano

A

A mega colossal volcano that erupts at least 1000km³ of material

20
Q

Fissures

A

Extended openings along a line of weakness that allow magma to escape

21
Q

Geyser

A

A geothermal feature in which water erupts into the air under pressure

22
Q

Earthquake

A

A sudden and brief period of ground shaking

23
Q

Richter Scale

A

A logarithmic scale used for measuring earthquakes based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement

24
Q

Shock waves

A

Seismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earth’s crust

25
Q

Debt

A

Money owed to others, to a bank, or to a global organisation such as the World Bank

26
Q

Prediction

A

Attempts to forecast an event—where and when it will happen—based on current knowledge

27
Q

Preparation

A

Organising activities and drills so that people know what to do in an earthquake

28
Q

Plate

A

A section of the earth’s crust

29
Q

Mantle

A

The dense mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust

30
Q

Subduction

A

The sinking of oceanic crust at a destructive margin

31
Q

Fold Mountains

A

Large Mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together

32
Q

Subsistence

A

Farming to provide food and other resources for the farmers own family

33
Q

Irrigation

A

Artificial watering of land

34
Q

Natural Hazard

A

An occurrence over which people have little control, which poses a threat to people’s lives and possessions. This is different to a natural event as volcanoes can erupt in unpopulated areas without being a hazard.

35
Q

Secondary effects

A

The after effect of the eruption on a longer timescale

36
Q

Earthquake

A

A sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the earths crust, which is felt at the surface

37
Q

Long-term responses

A

Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event

38
Q

Lahar

A

These secondary effects of eruptions are mudflows resulting from ash mixing with melting ice or water

39
Q

Caldera

A

The depression of the supervolano marking the collapsed magma chamber

40
Q

Geothermal

A

Water that is heated beneath the ground, which comes to the surface in a variety of ways

41
Q

Hot spot

A

A section of the earths crust where plumes of magma rise, weakening the crust. These are away from plate boundaries

42
Q

Focus

A

The point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake originates

43
Q

Epicentre

A

The point at the earth’s surface directly above the focus the focus

44
Q

Mercalli scale

A

A means of measuring earthquakes be describing and comparing the damage done, on a scale of 1-12

45
Q

The three P’s

A

The collective term for prediction, protection and preparation

46
Q

Protection

A

Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse.

47
Q

Tsunami

A

A special type of wave where the entire depth of the sea or ocean is set in motion by an event, often an earthquake, which displaces the water above it and creates a huge wave

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

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