Rest Of Cards For Cells And Microscopy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell

A

Things that make up all living organisms / most simple organism

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2
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made out of

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

What are plasmids

A

Rings of DNA floating in cytoplasm

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4
Q

3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Bacteria cells have peptidoglycan cell wall and animal cells don’t have a cell wall and plant cell has cellulose cell wall
  2. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus whereas bacterial cells have circular chromosomes and plasmids to carry DNA
  3. bacterial cells lack cell membrane bound organelles, which plant and animal cells have eg: mitochondria
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5
Q

Magnification triangle

A

I
A. M

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6
Q

If you continually increase the magnification of an image beyond a certain point, the detail does not increase but rather the detail is …. The ability of a microscope to let us see the …… is called the ……….

A

Lost

Detail

Resolution

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7
Q

How do electron microscopes work

A

Pass a beam of electrons through a specimen to investigate the detail of structures inside cells.

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8
Q

Why might electron microscopes be better then light microscopes

A

Electron microscopes have a much bigger resolution, therefore we can see in greater detail. This has increased our understanding of cell structures

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9
Q

Many cells need ……, ….., ……….. along with other substances to enter through the cell …….. to perform their …….. Cell metabolism also produces …………….. such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen which needs to leave the cell. The cell membrane also prevents the ………. Of other molecules. Therefore, we say that cell membrane is selectively permeable

A

Oxygen

Water

Mineral ions

Membrane

Function

Waste products

Movement

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10
Q

Many substances move in and out of cells by

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

What is diffusion

A

The random movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration (moves down a concentration gradient)

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12
Q

What happens As concentration increases

A

Speed of diffusion increases. Because larger diffusion gradient

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13
Q

What happens as surface area increases

A

Speed of diffusion increases as more surface area available for particles to diffuse through.

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14
Q

What happens as temperature increases

A

The speed of diffusion increases. Because the particles have more kinetic energy which makes them move out and spread faster

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15
Q

What do multi-celled organisms need

A

A large enough surface area to volume ratio to exchange substances such as water, glucose and ions

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16
Q

Multi celled organisms have developed special ………………. In their body to exchange substances efficiently eg: gas exchange system (………, ………)

A

Exchange surfaces

Lungs

Trachea

17
Q

What is an organ

A

À structure made up of several different types of tissue that carries a particular function

18
Q

Organs ……. Together, forming organ systems to carry out a ………

A

Operate

Function

19
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A cell that is undifferentiated which means it has the ability to specialise into many other types of cell and can continue dividing by cell division to produce more stem cells

20
Q

Embryonic stem cells can be collected from

A

Embryos

21
Q

In adult animals most stem cells have changed permanently into ………………… cells but some can be collected from bone marrow which can only differentiate into blood cells

A

Specialised

22
Q

Where can stem cells be found in plant cells

A

In each if the apical growing points and meristems at the end of shoots and roots.

23
Q

Stem cell benefits

A

Treating leukaemia- chemotherapy and radiotherapy destroy white blood cells in the patients body, stopping bone marrow producing new blood cells. A bone marrow transplant containing stem cells from a matching donor allows healthy blood cells to. Made in the patient

24
Q

Risks of stem cells

A

Risk of infection from the environment and Donor as chemotherapy and radiotherapy leave patient with no immune system

Stem cells may divide in a uncontrolled manner leading to formation of tumours or development of unwanted cells

Transfer diseases or viruses from other animals

Some people have ethical issues with use of embryonic stem cell use

25
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Easy to obtain

Plentiful

Differentiate into many types of cell

26
Q

Negatives of embryonic stem cells

A

Ethical considerations

Eg: “playing God” (only god has the right to create life)
Killing human life of embryos
Human rights

27
Q

Advantages of bone marrow stem cells

A

No ethical concern

28
Q

Negatives of bone marrow stem cells

A

Can only differentiate into blood cells

29
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Embryos
Umbilical cord blood
Bone marrow

30
Q

A difference between animal and plant stem cells

A

Plant cells can redifferentiate and animal cells cannot

31
Q

A similarity between animal and plant stem cells

A

The ability to become specialised cells

32
Q

What does resolution mean

A

Ability to see fine detail