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Biology GCSE > Coordination And Control > Flashcards

Coordination And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system

A

Uses nerve impulses (electrical impulses) to react quickly to a stimulus

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2
Q

What is the hormonal system

A

Uses hormones to react slowly to a stimulus

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3
Q

What are the components of the nervous system

A

Brain
Spinal chord
Nerves (neurones)

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4
Q

What is the thing we respond to

A

Stimulus

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5
Q

What does each stimulus affect in the body

A

A receptor

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6
Q

What are receptors often grouped in

A

Complex sense organs

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7
Q

When a receptor is stimulated what happens

A

Cause an effector (muscle or gland) to produce a response

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8
Q

What are receptors and effectors linked by

A

Coordinator

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9
Q

What can the coordinator be

A

The brain or sometimes the spinal chord

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10
Q

What are the Brian and spinal chord known as together

A

The central nervous system (CNS)

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11
Q

What connects the receptors and effectors to the coordinator

A

Neurones which carry information in small electrical nerve impulses.

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12
Q

List the response of the nervous system in order

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Coordinator
Effector
Response

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13
Q

What are receptors

A

Specialised cells, found in your sense organs, that detect stimuli. Change from one energy into electrical impulses

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14
Q

What are effectors

A

Usually a muscle or gland that produces a response to the stimuli

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15
Q

What is a neurone

A

Specialised cell that carries electrical impulses around the body

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16
Q

What is a nerve impulse

A

Small electrical charge that carries information along a neurone

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17
Q

What is a synapse

A

A gap between the neurones

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18
Q

What does it mean if a body part is really sensitive

A

It has a lot of small neurones in a small area

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19
Q

What does it mean if a body part isn’t sensitive

A

It only has a few large neurones and they are more spreads out

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20
Q

What are voluntary actions

A

Actions that we deliberately choose to do and they inclue conscious thought

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21
Q

What is a reflex action

A

A action that does not involve conscious thought. They happen automatically and always occur in the same way

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22
Q

3 characteristics of reflex’s

A

Occur rapidly

Do not involve conscious control

Happen automatically and in the same way

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23
Q

Why is the nerve pathway so short

A

So it uses a minimum number of neurones to transfer the electrical impulses

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24
Q

Why is there very few gaps (synapses)

A

To make sure the reflex action is as fast as possible as in synapses electrical impulses slow down

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25
Q

3 types of receptor

A

Sensory

Associations

Motor

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26
Q

Why is it good that the axon is a long extension of the cytoplasm

A

It can vary in length- up to 1m this means a message can be sent long distances from the spinal chord to the foot

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27
Q

Why does the axon have branched ends

A

Allows it to transmit impulses over a greater area and to make connections with other neurones

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28
Q

Why do axons have a insulating myelin sheath

A

A fatty layer that surrounds the axon and helps transmit the impulses at a faster rate

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29
Q

What is a synapse

A

A junction between two neurones

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30
Q

Transmission across synapses is caused by

A

Diffusion of transmitter chemicals (neurotransmitters) across the junction

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31
Q

What is the neurotransmitter produced by

A

End of neurone

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32
Q

How does the neurotransmitter diffuse

A

Quickly between a High concentration to a low concentration across the synapse

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33
Q

While synapses may slow transmission, they allow a

A

Greater degree of control at these junction points

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34
Q

Where does the sensory neurone carry impulses

A

From receptor to the CNS

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35
Q

Where does the association neurone carry information

A

From the sensory neurone and motor neurone

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36
Q

Where does the motor neurone carry information

A

From the CNS to the effector

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37
Q

What is the conjunctiva function

A

Thin transparent protective outer layer and keep cornea moist

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38
Q

Cornea function

A

Transparent part of the eye to let light enter. Causes,some refraction

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39
Q

Iris function

A

Controls how much light enters the eye by changing its diameter

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40
Q

Pupil function

A

Space in iris that allows light to enter the eye

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41
Q

Lens function

A

Refracts light towards the retina

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42
Q

Ciliary muscle function

A

Circular ring of muscle that surrounds lens and changes the shape of the lens

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43
Q

Suspensory ligaments function

A

Attach the lens to the ciliary muscle and changes shape of lens

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44
Q

Retina function

A

Inner coat of eye where light sensitive receptor cells are found

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45
Q

Optic nerve function

A

Contains neurones that carry information from light sensitive receptor cells of the retina to the brain

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46
Q

Aqueous humour function

A

Watery fluid between the cornea and the lens. Keeps pressure correct, helps maintain shape of the eye and lens and allows light to pass through

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47
Q

Vitreous humour function

A

Jelly like fluid between lens and retina. Keeps eye spherical and allows light to pass through

48
Q

What is accommodation

A

Refers to how the shape of the eye lens is changed to focus light rays on the retina

49
Q

How do light rays arrive when focusing on a distant object

A

Parallel

50
Q

What does the cornea do go light rays when focusing on a distant object

A

Refracts rays

51
Q

What happens to the lens when focusing on a distant object

A

It is thin as little additional refraction is needed to focus light on the retina

52
Q

What happens to light rays when focusing on a near object

A

Diverge

53
Q

What does the cornea do to rays when focusing on a near object

A

Refracts rays

54
Q

What is the lens like when focusing on a near object

A

Thicker as more refraction is needed to focus light on the retina

55
Q

What happens if the ciliary muscle relaxes

A

It springs out to give a bigger diameter. When this happens suspensory ligaments pull lens and it becomes thinner

56
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscle contracts

A

Forms a tighter circle with a smaller diameter. The suspensory ligaments then relax and with less pressure on the lens, it’s able to spring back to its original thick shape

57
Q

2 muscles the iris contains

A

Radial and circular

58
Q

What is the reflex called when ur pupil changes size

A

Pupillary reflex

59
Q

What happens to the circular muscles in bright light

A

Contract

60
Q

What happens to the radial muscles in bright light

A

Relax

61
Q

What happens to the pupil in bright light

A

Smaller

62
Q

What happens to the circular muscles in dim light

A

Relax

63
Q

What happens to the radial muscles in dim light

A

Contract

64
Q

What happens to the pupil in dim light

A

Bigger

65
Q

What are the specialised cells in the retina that are sensitive to light r

A

Rod and cone cells

66
Q

What do rod cells work in

A

Low light intensity and can’t distinguish between coloursm

67
Q

What do cone cells work in

A

Provide colour vision and only work in bright light

68
Q

Where are cône and rod cells placed in the retina

A

The cones are concentrated in the centre of the retina and the rods are more numerous at the outer edges

69
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced by special glands which release them into the blood

70
Q

Hormones only target certain organs what are these organ called

A

Target organs

71
Q

Look at major glands

A

Pg 22

72
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment

73
Q

4 conditions in the body that must be controlled

A

Blood and glucose levels/concentration

Water content in the body

Ion content of the body

Temperature

74
Q

Why is it important to maintain a constant internal environment

A

So enzymes have the correct conditions to work efficiently

Enzymes could denature in the wrong conditions which means cell activities will reduce

75
Q

What is negative feedback

A

A mechanism to ensure the level of something doesn’t deviate too far from the normal value

76
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal systems: nature of message

A

Nervous : nerve impulse (electrical)

Hormonal: a hormone (chemical)

77
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal systems: mode of transmission

A

Nervous: travels along a neurone

Hormonal: travels in bloodstream

78
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal systems: speed of reaction

A

Nervous : usually rapid

Hormonal : usually slow

79
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal systems: duration of response

A

Nervous : usually short lived

Hormonal : often and long lasting

80
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal systems: area of response

A

Nervous : localised eg: contraction of a single muscle

Hormonal: wide spread

81
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal systems: message target

A

Nervous : messages carried to specific effectors

Hormonal: messages carried to target organs

82
Q

What is insulin

A

A hormone that prevents concentration of glucose in blood from becoming too high

83
Q

Why is it bad if there is too much glucose

A

It can damage the bodies cells due to water loss by osmosis

84
Q

Why is it if glucose level fall below the normal Level

A

Respiration won’t be able to take place in cells so energy production would decrease

85
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

Pancreas

86
Q

What is the main target organs of insulin

A

Liver

87
Q

What does insulin cause in the liver

A

Increased absorption of glucose from the blood so reduces blood glucose concentration

Conversation of excess glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscle cells

Increased respiration

88
Q

What is glucagon

A

A hormone produced in pancreas when blood glucose levels are low. It acts by reversing the changes insulin brings about in the liver

89
Q

When does type one diabetes normally develops

A

In childhood (before 20)

90
Q

When does type 2 diabetes tend to develop

A

40+

91
Q

What is type 1 diabetes treated by

A

Injection of insulin and a controlled diet where intake of carbs is closely monitored

92
Q

What is type 1 caused by

A

Lack of insulin

93
Q

How is type 2 caused

A

Insulin is produced but stops working effectively

94
Q

What is type 2 associated with

A

Obesity, poor diet , lack of physical activity

95
Q

Treatment to type 2

A

Reduce sugar intake

Exercise to achieve weight loss

Medication and insulin injections

96
Q

Long term effects of people who have diabetes for long term (possibly undiagnosed or unknown)

A

Eye damage

Heart disease

Strokes

Kidney damage/failure

97
Q

Why do people with diabetes eat something high in glucose before vigorous exercise

A

Will cause blood sugar to fall rapidly

Provide glucose to make sure blood glucose level doesn’t drop too quickly

Prevents a hypoglycaemic attack

98
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

Ability to control amount of water in the body

99
Q

How is water lost

A

Evaporation in the lungs, whilst sweating, production of urine by the kidneys and in faeces

100
Q

What does osmoregulation ensure

A

The volume of water gained is equal to the amount lost

101
Q

What is the function of the kidneys

A

Remove waste , carry out osmoregulation

102
Q

Look at kidney diagram

A

Pg 34

103
Q

What is the process of réabsorption of water back into the blood by the kidneys controlled by

A

A hormone, the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

104
Q

Where is ADH produced

A

The part of the brain where water in the blood is monitored

105
Q

Once ADH is produced what happens

A

It travels to its target organs the kidneys and in the kidney medulla ADH allows more water to pass from the urine into the blood

106
Q

When concentration of water in the blood is too High what happens

A

ADH production is stopped/reduced

Less ADH allows less water to be re absorbed

107
Q

How do plants respond to stimuli

A

In such a way that they receive optimum conditions to grow

108
Q

What is phototropism

A

When a plant reacts to where the light source is and grows towards the light (eg: plant on a window sill will not grow straight upwards but will bend towards the light)

109
Q

Why does phototropism occur

A

To ensure plant leaves receive more light and so more photosynthesis takes place allowing more growth

110
Q

What is unilateral light

A

Light coming from one side only

111
Q

How is the response of phototropism controlled

A

A hormone called auxin

112
Q

Where does auxin accumulate

A

The side of the stem not exposed to light

113
Q

What does the hormone cause

A

More rapid growth on the non illuminated side of the stem compared to the illuminated side

114
Q

When is auxin produced

A

Tip of the shoot and diffuses down the shoot

115
Q

What does the high concentration of auxin cause the cells to grow by

A

Elongation

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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