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FS Exam 6 > Responses to Exercise > Flashcards

Responses to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What inputs impact sympathetic nerve activity

A 
Baroreceptors
Muscle mechanoreceptors
Muscle metaboreceptors 
Central command
Chemoreceptors (inc in H and CO2 in blood --> CR --> SNS --> Inc HR)
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2
Q

SNS output

A

Inc HR
Inc contractility
Inc VC
Inc EPI

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3
Q

The more intense the exercise we have, the ___ SNS activity we will have

A

Greater –> more EPI

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4
Q

As work gets harder and harder, what happens to oxygen being used?

A 
Gets higher and higher to a point
VO2 max = aerobic capacity 
When mitochondria (ETC) can't consume oxygen to make ATP anymore
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5
Q

What happens if you are at a higher workload than VO2 max?

A

You would rely on more anaerobic pathways –> producing more lactate

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6
Q

What determines VO2 or VO2 Max?

A

Q * aVO2 difference

Q = cardiac output

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7
Q

With exercise, in order for VO2 to increase, we need

A
  1. CO to inc (HR and SV too)

2. Muscle to extract more oxygen

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8
Q

When you hit VO2 max what other max will you likely hit?

A

HR Max

HR inc linearly with exercise intensity (inc %VO2)

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9
Q

Intrinsic HR

A

100 bpm

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10
Q

What determines if HR goes up or down

A

Autonomic NS

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11
Q

At rest

A

PS tone on heart
HR is around 60 bpm
When exercise you withdraw this vagal/ps tone - just standing from your chair

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12
Q

Vagus withdraw occurs

A

within 1 sec of exercise and sympathetic activation happens on top of it

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13
Q

Sympathetic activation

A

will get HR above 100 bpm
NE binding to beta adrenergic receptors on SA node
Baroreflex is resetting to establish new setpoint

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14
Q

Higher set point requires

A

more SNA to maintain that set point

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15
Q

HR _____ VO2

A

HR mirros relative VO2 (%VO2 max)

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16
Q

Estimated max HR

A

220-age

208-(.7*age)

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17
Q

Vagal stimulus leads to

A

immediate drop in HR as compared to symp rise in HR

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18
Q

When you exercise and have vagal withdrawal, the inc in HR is

A

Very fast and very immediate

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19
Q

SV with upright exercise compared to lying down

A

SV laying down will be increased - close to max

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20
Q

SV upright exercise

A

Will increase and then level off

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21
Q

In trained athletes SV upright

A

the more of an increase you will see, almost linear like HR

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22
Q

In untrained athlete SV

A

Will increase and then level out

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23
Q

Why does trained keep going and not level out?

A

They have bigger heart and are more able to inc SV

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24
Q

Why does SV increase

A

Inc Preload
Dec Afterload
Inc Contractility

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25
Q
  1. What will increase preload during exercise?
A

Things that increase venous return

  • muscle pump (inc contractility)
  • respiratory pump (dec pressure in thoracic cavity improves gradient for venous return - dec RAP)
  • redistribution of flow (splanchnic and skin)
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26
Q
  1. Increased contractility –> to CO
A

increases CO

During exercise - we inc contractility by increasing SNA - Ca induced Ca release

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27
Q
  1. Afterload - if you decrease afterload of the heart –> CO
A

you can increase CO

Decrease TPR during exercise because we are VD muscle and getting more blood to the muscle

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28
Q

Compliant circulations do what to flow

A

mobilize flow

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29
Q

At rest vs exercise - where is flow going

A

Exercise - kidney and splanchnic will give up the most and send to heart to send to muscle
Rest - gut and kidney get the most

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30
Q

Pressure =

A

Q * TPR

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31
Q

SV

A

EDV - ESV

120-50 = 70 at rest

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32
Q

EF is an index for

A

how hard the heart is working or its contractility

SV/EDV (55%)

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33
Q

When exercise what is cardiac output

A

5L/min –> 22Lmin

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34
Q

Maximal HR with exercise?

A

200 bpm

Someone who is not necessarily trained

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35
Q

Maximally SV

A

110 mL/beat - filling more and queezing more out
140-30 = 110
you are increasing EDV relative to rest
you are lowering ESV - more contractility - squeezing more out of heart –> lower ESV

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36
Q

EF with exercise

A

80%

80% of what filled it with is being ejected

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37
Q

avO2 difference =

A

Arterial concentration of O2 minus Venous concentration of O2

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38
Q

avO2 difference with exercise?

A

Increases

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39
Q

What is decreasing during exercise?

A

Venous oxygen content because oxygen is being taken up by the muscle - the more that muscle takes up oxygen, less will be left in venous circulation

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40
Q

Arterial oxygen concentration with exercise

A

stays the same because lungs are still fully saturating blood with oxygen

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41
Q

During exercise then…

A

avO2 difference will increase because Arterial concentration stays the same and venous concentration decreases

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42
Q

Arterial oxygen capacity does what with exercise

A

increases
more of a duration thing
more duration = sweating more = concentrating blood more so see subtle increase in arterial O2 capacity

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43
Q

Arterial oxygen concentration is highly dependent on

A

lung

saturation

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44
Q

What causes R shift in Hemoglobin curve

A

Inc in CO2
Dec pH
Inc Temp
Facilitates more unloading of oxygen at the tissue

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45
Q

Peripheral distraction depends on

A

perfusion pressure and how much blood is perfusing (getting to) the tissue

46
Q

What will impact venous side of things

A

How much oxygen the muscle is taking up

Could increase it if we had more mitochondria - we could extract more - more capillaries too

47
Q

What will alter muscle blood flow

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Mechanical - Muscle Pump
  3. Autoregulation (intrinsic or local)
48
Q

Sympathetic nerve activity ___ with exercise

A

increases
We are resetting the baroreflex setpoint and so we will need to increase SNA to maintain the higher set point
central command will help reset and so will exercise pressor reflex (metabo and mechanoreflex)

49
Q

what will inc in SNA do to blood flow

A

decrease flow

because sympathetic response on muscle is constriction

50
Q

What impact will muscle pump have on flow

A

muscle pump will increase flow due to change in transmural pressure within the muscle

51
Q

What impact will autoregulation have on flow

A

depends

  1. Metabolic = increase flow with metabolites
  2. Myogenic = decrease flow because Pt inc as you start to exercise - you stretch that muscle, channels open, allow more Ca to come in and muscle contracts
  3. Endothelium - NO = VD so inc flow
52
Q

If SNA increases during exercise, how does blood flow increase to muscle

A

Functional sympatholysis
There are constrictor and dilator elements but in the end the result is increased flow to muscle
Metabolites and muscle pump override it
No lysis of sympathetic activity - it is increasing a ton

53
Q

Blood Pressure during exercise - Systolic

A

Increases

Dependent on CO and CO is increasing

54
Q

Blood Pressure during exercise - Diastolic

A

Not much of a change

Dependent on TPR - if anything it is decreasing

55
Q

Mean BP during exercise

A

slight increase

56
Q

Dynamic exercise overall what happens with BP

A

Systolic Inc in proportion to Q
DBP dec due to TPR
MAP inc modestly

57
Q

Static exercise overall what happens with BP - static contractions

A

Muscle tension –> Resistance –> more resistance so DBP would go up
Max BP can exceed 450/350 mmHg

58
Q

Dynamic vs. Static Exercie - Which facilitates and which impedes blood flow

A

Dynamic facilitates flow and static impedes it when intensities are at 15-20% of maximum

59
Q

What happens to intramuscular pressure and blood flow during isometric exercise

A

Increase in intramuscular pressure

Decrease in blood flow

60
Q

How do you get more blood flow to muscle if it is contracting? TO prevent ischemia

A

Raise perfusion pressure

Greater the force, the faster rise in BP

61
Q

What happens to SV during resistance exercise training

A

Decreases
because there is less blood returning to the heart because of increased resistance at muscle - decreased filling and increased CO

62
Q

Why does HR increase even if you keep same intensity of exercise?

A

We need to consume a certain amount of oxygen - VO2 - to maintain a certain VO2 we need a certain CO to sustain that work - if thats the case, SV is decreased (because of sweating) so to prevent it from decreasing CO we have to inc HR

63
Q

How do you prevent cardiovascular drift?

A

Fluid intake

64
Q

Respiratory response with exercise

A

Inc ventilation with exercise (non linear)

65
Q

What happens with alveolar? PAO2

A

Bends upward because you are blowing off more CO2 and are hyperventilating, getting more O2 into the alveolus

66
Q

What happens with arterial? PaO2

A

Bends down slightly

67
Q

What happens to the venous side? Partial pressure of CO2

A

will steadily go up with exercise

68
Q

What happens to venous oxygen?

A

goes down because there is more unloading at the tissue - there is less in the veins

69
Q

Equation for ventilatory control during exercise

A

VE = Tidal volume * fB

Volume of air you are breathing in and frequency of breaths

70
Q

After the ventilatory threshold what is VE driven by

A

frequency of breaths

71
Q

What increases after ventilatory threshold?

A

Ventilatory equivalent
Rate of glycolysis
Lactate buffering by bicarbonate
VE

72
Q

Ventilatory Control - Onset

A

Central Command

Mechanoreceptors

73
Q

Ventilatory Control - Exercise

A

Central chemoreceptors

Inc Body Temp

74
Q

Main hormone response with exercise and the exception

A

will increase

Insulin declines during exercise

75
Q

Insulin is secreted from

A

pancreatic beta cells when glucose levels are elevated (hyperglycemia)

76
Q

What does insulin do once secreted

A

Will increase glucose uptake into cells
Increase glycogen synthesis
Inhibits glucose formation
Inhibited by catecholamines

77
Q

Glucagon is secreted by

A

pancreatic alpha cells when glucose is low (hypoglycemia)

78
Q

Glucagon - what will it do?

A

Increase liver glycogenolysis
Inc liver gluconeogenesis
Hepatic glucose production
Stimulated by catecholamines

79
Q

Catecholamines during exercise

A

Increase
They bind to beta adrenergic receptors on alpha cells in the pancreas to stimulate glucagon and get more glucose in bloodstream
and at the same time catecholamines bind to alpha receptors on the beta cell to decrease insulin

80
Q

Net effect of catecholamines

A

to mobilize energy so it can be used

Stimulate glucagon and inhibit insulin

81
Q

Is glucose uptake inhibited during exercise

A

No
Skeletal muscle uptake increase as exercise intensity goes up
Mechanism = contracting muscle

82
Q

How does contraction increase glucose uptake during exercise?

A

Contraction of muscle causes translocation of GLUT4 channels to sarcolemma
Insulin independent - ONLY contracting muscle

83
Q

Why is it important to maintain blood glucose during exercise?

A

Brain needs it for fuel

84
Q

With short, high intensity exercise - what happens to glucose

A

A slight increase because of the effects of glucagon - liver is kicking out glucose

85
Q

So is it necessary to decrease insulin during exercise?

A

to prevent the drain from getting so large

SNA will inhibit insulin to stop the drain from widening so much

86
Q

With long, low intensity exercise, what happens to glucose?

A

It is maintained by an increase in heptic glucose production

87
Q

When do we see decline in blood glucose>

A

After 90 minutes of exercise

88
Q

When would be best time to take one of those energy things if you need the energy instantly

A

Immediately before you race - would be good because your SNA is already going since youre nervous about the race so your drain is already being prevented from widening too much

89
Q

Goals of CHO metabolism during exercise

A
  1. Provide fuel for exercise while maintaining blood glucose
  2. To retain or spare muscle glycogen for as long as possible
90
Q

How does CHO metabolism provide fuel while maintaining blood glucose

A

Balance btw muscle uptake and liver release
liver = increase hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
muscle = increase glycogenolysis and glycolysis

91
Q

How does liver to gluconeogenesis

A

Can use lactate to make glucose
Cori Cycle
Can also use alanine

92
Q

The three Cs of CHO metabolism and sometimes 4

A
  1. Catecholamines
  2. Contraction
  3. Calcium
  4. Cortisol (minor player)
93
Q

Catecholamines and CHO metabolis,

A

Increase glucagon (hepatic glucose prodution)
Decrese insulin
Increase glycogenolysis
Inc lipolysis

94
Q

Contraction and CHO metabolism

A

GLUT 4 translocation increases glucose uptake

95
Q

Calcium and CHO metabolism

A

Can stimulate glycogen phosphorylase to support the breakdown of glycogen

96
Q

Cortisol and CHO metabolism

A

increases protein catabolism to support gluconeogenesis

Increase lipolysis during prolonged exercise (GH does the same)

97
Q

What stimulate glycogen synthesis

A

High blood glucose
Does so by glucose 6 phosphate
(liver can create it from lactate)

98
Q

Glycogen in muscle

A

Glycogen synthesis occurs primarily from blood glucose

99
Q

Ability to use fat storage

A

depends on CHO

you are prevented from using fat storage due to lack of oxygen and OAA which is supported by CHO metabolism

100
Q

As exercise intensity is low…you are using

A

fat

101
Q

As exercise intensity becomes more intense

A

fat oxidation goes to nearly nothing and CHO becomes exclusive source
RER = 1

102
Q

Where does fuel source come from?
25% of VO2 max
As you increase intensity?

A

mainly from fat = 25%

Less on fat and more on glycogen muscle stores

103
Q

Low intesity exercise at 50% VO2 max

High intensity exercise at 75% VO2 max

A

50% of kcal from fat oxidation
33% of kcal from fat oxidation
BUT still getting 110 kcal for 30 min fat (amount of calories burned coming from fat)

104
Q

Fat oxidation rate is highest at what percent of VO2 max

A

50-60% moderate intensity

Advantage of this too is that they can go for longer period of time

105
Q

Exercise duration

A

As duration goes on (at same pace) you are relying more on fat metabolism than on carbs

106
Q

Exercise duration and fuel source

A

you rely more on what you have in blood as duration goes on

107
Q

Fat CANNOT be exclusively burned during exercise nor during rest

A

We need OAA to continue to turn kreb cycle

108
Q

When can ketones be used as fuel

A

if we have a lot of acetyl co A that cant bind to OAA

109
Q

WHy can ketones be good?

A

Can be used by brain
Can be used as fuel source
DOnt need ATP tp synthesize it

110
Q

Why ketones can be bad

A

Ketoacidosis
Secreted by kidney and kidney doesnt like to do that - can lead to renal failure
Changes in BMR (decrease it) and can inhibit lipolysis

FS Exam 6 (4 decks)

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