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FS Exam 6 > Pediatric Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Pediatric Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the biggest things you need to do for pediatric population

A

Hydrate
Give them breaks - they sweat less so don’t regulate their temp as much
They have a good aerobic capacity but poor anaerobic

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2
Q

Infant

A

Birth to 2 yrs

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3
Q

Child

A

2 to 12 years

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4
Q

Adolescent

A

12-18 years

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5
Q

Growth

A

Increased size

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6
Q

Maturation

A

Progress towards biological maturity; includes qualitative changes

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7
Q

Age Effects

A

Refers to maturational changes that are independent of changes in body size

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8
Q

Impacts of growth and maturation

A

There is a great deal of variability
Injury risk in group activities
Poorer thermoregulation and thirst sensitivity

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9
Q

Pediatric response to thermal stres

A

Less sweating

Higher core temp

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10
Q

Sweat composition for peds

A

Higher Na and Cl

Lower lactate H and K (they arent good at anaerobic)

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11
Q

Exercise intensity should ___ for a warmer environment

A

decrease

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12
Q

When does tolerance to thermal stress improve

A

Sometime after puberty before adulthood

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13
Q

With thermoregulation be cautious of

A

Hot environemnts
They may need more time for recovery
HYDRATE

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14
Q

Pulmonary Growth and Maturation
When complete
ABG

A

Alveoli development is complete by age 6
Inc in body size parallel increase in gas exchange surface area
Child arterial blood gas = adult ABG when account for size

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15
Q

More pulmonary Growth and Maturation
Compliance
Resistance

A

Low compliance and high resistance in children
- a lower breathing economy
During G/M compliance will increase and resistance will decrease

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16
Q

Pediatric Response to exercise - Breathing Economy

A

Breathing economy = you will see greater ventilation per VO2, increase breathing frequency per VO2, and increased tidal volume per VO2

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17
Q

Pediatric Response to exercise - Hyperventilation

A

Lower PETCO2 per VO2
Higher VE/VO2
VEntilation is higher per volume of oxygen consumed

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18
Q

Take away with pediatric response to exercise (breathing)

A

Work of breathing is higher for children during exericse

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19
Q

Resting Data - Cardiovascular

A

Heart volume/body size ratio is higher in children = bigger hearts for their body size
Resting HR is higher
Resting CO is higher

20
Q

Exercise Data - Cardiovascular

A

Lower SV
Higher HR
Lower CO - HR doesnt accommodate enough for lower SV
Higher avO2 per VO2 (higher oxidative capacity in muscle)

21
Q

Muscle/Metabolic Physiology

Metabolic Capability

A

Dec anaerobic, Inc aerobic
Dec CrP
Dec glycogen, Dec PFK activity
Inc SDH, citrate synthase

22
Q

Muscle/Metabolic Physiology - Muscle Fiber Types

A

Fiber proportions are largely determined by age 6
Higher Type I (better oxidative), Lower Type II than adults
Final adult proportions achieved late in adolescence
No gender differences in childhood

23
Q

Aerobic Capacity

A

Inc in VO2 max from childhood to adolescence

24
Q

Aerobic Capacity Males vs Females Adolescence

A

Males = further VO2 max Females = plateau during adolescence

25
Q

Factors impacting aerobic capacity differences

A

Inc LV cavity size –> Inc SV –> Inc CO –> Inc VO2

Maturation

26
Q

Aerobic Capacity

Body Size vs. Maturation

A 
Most of the increases across ages are due to inc in body size but also
Inc FFW/BW ratio
Inc myocardial contractility 
Inc blood volume
Inc Hb
27
Q

Gender differences in aerobic capacity

A

Males > females both pre and post puberty even after size
correction
Mght even decrease in females

28
Q

Possible factors in sex differences in aerobic capacity

A 
Muscle mass (boys > girls)
SV (boys > girls)
% fat post pubertal 
Lower Hb in females
Cultural differences
29
Q

Ethnicity differences - Aerobic Capacity

A

culture can play a factor

SES

30
Q

Aerobic Reserve

A

Children have lower movement economy

Higher O2 cost for a given task

31
Q

Why higher O2 cost for given task

A

Extraneous movements - using extra muscles and overrecruiting a lot
Anthrpometric diff. - limb length, BSA to mass ratio, Inc stride freqency and dec stride length

32
Q

At any given speed, children work

A

closer to their max capacity

33
Q

Aerobic training ___ VO2 max in children and adolescents

A

Increases

34
Q

Children and magnitude of training effect

A

CHildren are more resistant to adaptation - the effect is smaller (5-10% vs 15-25% in adults)

35
Q

Anaerobic Capability

Short Duration Muscle Power Output

A

Children poor at it compared to adolescents and adults

In adole = M > F

36
Q

Metabolic Response with Anaerobic Capacity

A

Lower muscle and blood lactate after max exercise
Smaller pH drop
Lower intramuscular glycogen
slower rate of glycolysis

37
Q

Overall ____ anaerobic capabilities in children and adolescents

A

lower

38
Q

Exercise Recovery

A

Children recover faster following high intensity exercise

Likely related to better oxidative capabilities

39
Q

Muscle strength

A

Inc age –> Inc size –> Inc strength

40
Q

Age effect muscle strength

A

Inc strength across age is greater than can be accounted for inc in size alone
Effect is present in both children and adolescents because of better recruitment
Inc in type II fibers overtime

41
Q

What is the something else?

A

Neurological component

better at coordinating movement

42
Q

Muscle strength - Gender differences

A

Most studies indicate that boys = girls even after adjusting for body size
Adolescents = boys > girls

43
Q

Other gender differences in muscle strength - Muscle Fiber Diameter

A 
Muscle fiber diameter 
- Girls Inc 3.5 X
- Boys Inc 4.5 X
Girls peak in early adolescence 
Boys peak in adulthood
44
Q

Other gender differences in muscle strength - Muscle mass

A

Boys > girls by age 6 to 7 (absolute and relative)
Sex differences get larger with age
Larger in upper body vs lower body

45
Q

Muscle strength training

A

children are capable of significant strength gains
Avoid 1-RM to avoid damage to growth plate
1-3 sets, 6-15 reps, 2-3x week
Focus on proper form, not the amount of weight lifted

46
Q

Activity and Growth

A

It is not clear whether activity or inactivity during development actually affects growth

FS Exam 6 (4 decks)

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