Respondent Conditioning Flashcards
What is an Antecedent in behavior analysis?
Stimulus or stimulus condition that precedes behavior of interest
What does a Motivating Operation do?
Variable that changes the value of the stimuli / Alters the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli
What is a Discriminative Stimulus (Sd)?
a specific cue or signal that indicates to an individual that performing a particular behavior will result in a positive reinforcement, essentially acting as a trigger for a desired response in a given situation
What is a consequence in behavior analysis?
A stimulus which follows behavior resulting in a future increase (reinforcer) or decrease (punisher) in behavior
True or False: Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both increase behavior.
True
Fill in the blank: Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of a _______ after a response.
[rewarding stimulus]
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Positive punishment involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus
What does reinforcement imply about behavior?
Behavior is INCREASING
Define reinforcement.
Stimulus is presented contingent on a response that increases future probability of response
List the five overlapping headings for classifying reinforcers.
- Consumable (edible) * Activity * Manipulative * Possessional * Social
What are the four steps to test a potential reinforcer?
- Choose behavior not followed by reinforcer * Record frequency of behavior without reinforcement * Present potential reinforcer after each occurrence * Compare frequency between steps 2 and 3
What are three indicators that behavior change is due to indirect-acting effects?
- Consequence follows behavior by more than 30 seconds * Target behavior increases before first instance of reinforcement * A single occurrence of reinforcement results in a large behavioral change
What are eight factors influencing positive reinforcement effectiveness?
- Precisely specifying behavior * Selecting an appropriate reinforcer * Depriving the individual of the reinforcer * Insuring sufficient reinforcer size/magnitude * Effective use of instructions * Presenting the reinforcer immediately * Insuring contingent vs non-contingent presentation * Appropriately weaning the individual from the program
What are the four qualities of effective reinforcers?
- Readily available * Presented immediately following desired behavior * Used repeatedly without rapid satiation * Do not require much time to consume
What are Unconditioned Reinforcers?
Function as reinforcers due to heredity/evolution and do not require learning history
Give examples of Unconditioned Reinforcers.
- Food * Water * Oxygen * Warmth * Sexual stimulation * Physical comfort
What are Conditioned Reinforcers?
Require learning and become reinforcers through pairings with other reinforcers
Define Backup Reinforcers.
Reinforcers on which a conditioned reinforcer is based, giving it strength
What is a Token Economy?
Behavior modification program that uses tokens to reinforce desirable behavior
True or False: Reinforcers and rewards are the same.
False
