Pos. reinforcement, neg. reinforcement, assessment Flashcards
What is often missing from the token economy in schools?
The initial pairing phase, ensuring that backup reinforcers are effective
The initial pairing phase is crucial for the effectiveness of reinforcers.
What differentiates simple conditioned reinforcers from generalized conditioned reinforcers?
Simple is paired with a single backup reinforcer; Generalized is paired with multiple backups
This distinction affects how effective the reinforcers are.
What are the three factors influencing conditioned reinforcer effectiveness?
- Strength of backup reinforcers
- Desire for the offered item
- Number of backup reinforcers
The number of pairings with backup reinforcers is also a key factor.
What are two problems with conditioned reinforcement?
- Unaware misapplication
- Partial knowledge
Unaware misapplication occurs when reinforces are mistakenly paired with punishers.
True or False: Conditioned reinforcers are effective regardless of the client’s awareness.
False
Awareness of manipulation can affect the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers.
What should be done once consistent results are seen with reinforcers?
Start varying when the reinforcer is offered
Occasional offering of the reinforcer is necessary to prevent extinction.
What is the importance of identifying reinforcers empirically?
Staff/parents/teachers/kids often report incorrect preferences
Empirical identification helps ensure effective reinforcement.
What are the two strategies used to identify reinforcers?
- Stimulus Preference assessments
- Reinforcer Assessments
Both strategies help determine what will effectively reinforce behavior.
Fill in the blank: Preference changes over time, so it is important to evaluate _______.
frequently
Regular evaluation ensures that reinforcers remain effective.
What is an example of a preference assessment method?
- Multiple stimulus without replacement
- Multiple stimulus with replacement
- Paired stimulus preference assessment
- Free operant observation
These methods help determine preferences among stimuli.
What is negative reinforcement also known as?
Escape conditioning
It involves escaping from an aversive stimulus.
What does reinforcement do?
Makes something more likely
Reinforcement can be positive (adding) or negative (removing).
In negative reinforcement, what must be present for the desired response to occur?
Aversive stimulus
For example, a seatbelt alarm encourages putting on a seatbelt to avoid the noise.
What is the effect of avoidance conditioning?
Behavior increases in frequency if it prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring
This concept is crucial in behavior analysis.
What does discriminated avoidance conditioning involve?
Warning signal of forthcoming aversive stimulus
This can also be called a conditioned aversive stimulus.
What is the difference between escape conditioning and punishment?
Escape conditioning increases response; punishment decreases response
Understanding this difference is key in behavior modification.
What is the role of a warning stimulus in avoidance conditioning?
Signals forthcoming aversive
This is essential to prevent the aversive stimulus from occurring.
What is Sidman avoidance conditioning?
Target response postpones delivery of aversive stimulus
Example: Applying insect repellent to avoid mosquito bites.
What are the consequences that maintain avoidance responses?
- Termination of warning stimulus
- Termination of anxiety caused by warning stimulus
- Cessation of unpleasant thoughts about forthcoming punisher
These consequences reinforce the avoidance behavior.
