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NMSK (Lectures) > Respiritory Tract Defence > Flashcards

Respiritory Tract Defence Flashcards

1
Q

List the structures of the respiritory tract

A

Nares & nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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2
Q

List the functional characteristics of the respiritory tract

A

Olfaction & taste (gustation)

Vocalisation

To warm, filter & humidify the air (complete by nasopharynx)

To conduct O2 & CO2 to and from the lungs

Defence of the lungs

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3
Q

What are the two defence systems which exclude or remove foreign objects from the respiritory tract?

A

Non Specific
-removal of physical particles
physical & anatomical
lubricants
reflexes
antimicrobial compounds

Specific
-recognition of particles by the immune system
passive immunity
lymph nodes
innate immune system
mucosal immunity

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4
Q

Explain the structures which prevent foreign bodies entering the lungs

A

Head postion (especially in grazing animals)
by positioning it downwards it encourages drainage of the respiritory tract

The sizing and position of the nares

Nasal cavity has narrow passages. It creates an airflow which encourages particle deposition

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5
Q

Explain how swallowing acts as a defence in the respiritory tract

A

Close proximity between oesophagus and trachea
Makes it easier to swallow foreign particles which will then be destroyed in the
stomach acid

Nasal Cavity
Ciliary motion moves foreign particles to the larynx

Larynx/Pharynx/Glottis
Glottis is covered by epiglottic cartilage meaning there is a prevention of food/liquids
to enter larynx & trachea

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6
Q

Explain how ‘Trapping’ works as a defence in the upper respiritory tract

A

Cilia
Line the nasal passages to the bronchioles
(Excluding pharynx as this is a squamous epithelium)
The symmetric & coordinated movement results in a wave of motions moving
foreign particle towards the pharynx

Mucus
Goblet Cells
Produce viscous secretion which forms gel over the sol
It is present in nasal, tracheal, bronchial epithelium (not terminal bronchioles)

Submucosal (subepithelial) glands
	Present in bronchi (not bronchioles). The neck of the gland opens at the 
            epithelial surface & contain serous secretions

Clara cells
	Found in alveoli (lower respiritory tract) & contain serous mucin
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7
Q

What is the Mucociliary escalator?

A

Mucociliary escalator
Term for apparatus of mucus & cilia
Responsible for the movement of mucus up & out of the Respiritory tract

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8
Q

Explain how antimicrobial compounds act as a defence for the respiritory tract

A

Defensins
These are short chain amino acids which are produced by macrophages,
neutrophils & epithelium

They are electrically attracted to bacteria, fungi & enveloped viruses and kill them by 
    embedding in the membrane & forming a pore

Lysozyme
These are antibacterial enzymes found in mucous. They work to break down
bacteria cell walls

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9
Q

Identify the major draining lymph nodes of the head and respiritory tract

A

Head
Parotid
Mandibular
Retropharyngeal

Thorax
Tracheobronchial

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10
Q

Outline the location and importance of the tracheobronchial lymph node

A

Found deep within the chest
Viewed radiographically

Used in meat hygiene inspections

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11
Q

Describe the cellular components of the defence system in the respiritory tract, including the lungs

A
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12
Q

List the cellular defences in the respiratory tract, including the lungs

A

Lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract
-MALT & BALT

Alveolar leucocytes

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13
Q

Explain what MALT is

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Aggregation of lymphocytes under ciliated epithelium

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14
Q

Explain what BALT is

A

Bronchial associated mucosal tissue

Aggregation of lymphocytes beneath non-ciliated beneath non-ciliated epithelium

Strategically located at bifurcations of bronchi turbulence & deposition of particles) to sample deposits

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15
Q

What are the alveolar leucocytes of a healthy lungs?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Occasional neutrophils
low levels of mucus

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16
Q

What are the alveolar leucocytes of diseased lungs?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Frequent neutrophils (neutrophilia)
Hemosiderophages
Excess mucus / secretions

17
Q

Outline the diagnostic tools used for lungs

A

Bronchioalveolar wash (endoscope)

Tracheal wash (endoscope)

18
Q

Describe the fate of inhaled particles within the respiritory tract

A

Trapped in mucus and transported via mucociliary escalator
 swallow

Stimulation of receptors / reflexes: sneeze or cough / glottis closure
 swallow

Stimulation of immune responses / antimicrobial agents in mucus / secretions
 killed

19
Q

What are the leucocytes you can find in the innate response to a respiritory infection?

A

Macrophages (phagocytosis)
Neutrophils (phagocytosis)
Basophils (degranulation)
Eosinophils (degranulation)
Mast cells (degranulation)

Originate from blood and interstitial fluid. They are carried from the lungs to the trachea

20
Q

What are the molecules involved in the innate immune response during a respiritory infection

A

Lysozymes
Defensins
Surfactants
Cytokines
Complement
Inflammatory mediators

21
Q

How is the adaptive immune response involved with protection of the respiritory system

A

These circulate in blood & interstitium
They can be recruited to the RT epithelium & lumen

Intraepithelial lymphocytes
associated with mucosal membrane which is adjacent to
site of particle deposition allowing for a rapid response

22
Q

How is the mucosa involved in the adaptive immune response?

A

Contains Antibodies

All classes except IgM -not helpful due to large size in this area

Mucosal synthesis of IgA

Diffusion of IgG from serum

23
Q

What is a bronchiolar spasm?

A

Sudden constriction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchioles

24
Q

What causes a bronchiolar spasm?

A

Irritation (particles, fumes)
Recent or current infection
(bacterial, viral, parasitic)
Allergy

25
Q

Provide two examples of a allergic inflammation

A

-Equine asthma (recurrent airway obstruction, heaves, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

-Feline asthma

Both are inflammatory diseases

Both lead to bronchoconstriction /bronchospasm

26
Q

Describe how inflammatory mediators interact with mechanisms of bronchiolar spasm

A

Allergens themselves are harmless
They activate T & B cells which leads to Type I hypersensitivity reactions:

IgE antibodies have been formed since B-cell first came in contact with antigen

IgE bind to mast cells/ basophils in mucous membranes

If allergen encountered again, mast cells/ basophils degranulate and release a large amount of
histamine & other inflammatory mediators

Inflammatory mediators lead to smooth muscle contraction around bronchioles, directly and via CNS

  Bronchoconstriction
27
Q

Outline the role of the CNS within bronchoconstriction

A

Inflammatory mediates stimulate neurones

Neurones send the signal to along the afferent parasympathetic pathway to the CNS via Vagus Nerve X

CNS relays this infomration back through the neurones through the efferent pathway

Neurones use neurotransmitter to transfer message to the host cells

smooth muscle then contracts causing bronchoconstriction

28
Q

What is the treatment strategy and therapeutic mechanism to promote bronchodilation?

A

Agonist Drugs (clenbuterol, ventipulmin)

Stimulate specific receptors

29
Q

What is the treatment strategy and therapeutic mechanism to prevent bronchodilation?

A

Antagonist drugs (ipratropium bromide)

Inhibit specific receptors

30
Q

What is the treatment strategy and therapeutic mechanism to reduce allergic reaction?

A

Corticosteroids

Anti-inflammatory

31
Q

What is the treatment strategy and therapeutic mechanism to stimulate mucociliary action?

A

Mucokinetic

Stimulate mucus & indirectly, ciliary motility

32
Q

What is the treatment strategy and therapeutic mechanism to reduce allergic reaction?

A

Hyposensitisation (allergen immune therapy)

Modulate immune response

33
Q

What is the treatment strategy and therapeutic mechanism to prevent infection?

A

Vaccination

Memory cells in adaptive immune response

NMSK (Lectures) (63 decks)

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