Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
Define immunological memory
Same antigen leads activation of B memory cells, which were established during the primary response of the initial infection
Name the types of T cells that arise in the thalamus during education
Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Subset CD8+)
Helper T Cells (Subset CD4+)
What are the roles of cytotoxic T cells?
Immune response that doesnt involve antibodies
Release cytokines in response to particular antigens
What are the roles of T helper cells?
T Helper 1
Intracellular Pathogens
T Helper 2 Extracellular pathogens - Differentiated from common precursor cells - Secrete Different cytokines - Have different characteristic cytokines
What is humoral immunity
Antigen binds to specific Naïve B cell antibody
B cell will engulf antigen and present antigen on MHII receptor
T Helper cells bind to the MHC II receptor complex on the B cell
Activation of the B cell occurs (cell proliferation and differentiation into memory cells & plasma cells)
What is a T cell receptor?
It is a protein complex which transmits information from outside the cell to the inside
Can bind to MHC I -antigen complex (displayed on infected cell) & MHC II (displayed on antigen presenting)
The T cell receptor has a constant & variable region
Outline how T cells recognise different specific antigens
Naïve CD8+ has a T cell receptor which has a variable and constant region
Naïve CD4+ has a T cell receptor which has a variable and constant region
Outline how B cells recognise different specific antigens
Immunoglobins on the naïve B cells will bind to specific antigens
They have a wide diversity due to the variable region (FAB) as they can be composed of many different types of amino acids
(if the B cell matures into a plasma cells- these are then known as antibodies)
How are some viral infections able to lie dormant in the body undetected?
Viral cells can hide the immune response via the MHC receptor, as T cells wont be able to bind and go straight past
List the different types of B cell receptors (immunoglobulins)
GAMED
IgG (serum)
IgA (mucosal)
IgM (early phase)
IgE (allergy)
IgD (differentiation)
How can B lymphocytes react with many more antigenic shapes that their genome can code for?
The specificity of a particular antibody is determined by the shape of its variable region.
While still at the B-cell progenitor stage in the bone marrow, B cells randomly rearrange their variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes.
Diversity comes from the fact that there are multiple copies of the V, D and J genes that can be joined together in different combinations.
Addition of random extra nucleotides between the V, D and J regions, changing the structure of the variable regions that will be produced known as Junctional diversity.
How can T lymphocytes react with many more antigenic shapes that their genome can code for?
While still at the T-cell progenitor stage in the thymus, T cells randomly rearrange their variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes.
Diversity comes from the fact that there are multiple copies of the V, D and J genes that can be joined together in different combinations.
Addition of random nucleotides between the V, D and J regions known as junctional diversity.