Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunological memory

A

Same antigen leads activation of B memory cells, which were established during the primary response of the initial infection

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2
Q

Name the types of T cells that arise in the thalamus during education

A

Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Subset CD8+)
Helper T Cells (Subset CD4+)

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3
Q

What are the roles of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Immune response that doesnt involve antibodies
Release cytokines in response to particular antigens

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4
Q

What are the roles of T helper cells?

A

T Helper 1
Intracellular Pathogens

T Helper 2
	Extracellular pathogens
	
- Differentiated from common precursor cells 
- Secrete Different cytokines
- Have different characteristic cytokines
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5
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

Antigen binds to specific Naïve B cell antibody

B cell will engulf antigen and present antigen on MHII receptor

T Helper cells bind to the MHC II receptor complex on the B cell

Activation of the B cell occurs (cell proliferation and differentiation into memory cells & plasma cells)

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6
Q

What is a T cell receptor?

A

It is a protein complex which transmits information from outside the cell to the inside

Can bind to MHC I -antigen complex (displayed on infected cell) & MHC II (displayed on antigen presenting)

The T cell receptor has a constant & variable region

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7
Q

Outline how T cells recognise different specific antigens

A

Naïve CD8+ has a T cell receptor which has a variable and constant region
Naïve CD4+ has a T cell receptor which has a variable and constant region

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8
Q

Outline how B cells recognise different specific antigens

A

Immunoglobins on the naïve B cells will bind to specific antigens

They have a wide diversity due to the variable region (FAB) as they can be composed of many different types of amino acids

(if the B cell matures into a plasma cells- these are then known as antibodies)

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9
Q

How are some viral infections able to lie dormant in the body undetected?

A

Viral cells can hide the immune response via the MHC receptor, as T cells wont be able to bind and go straight past

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10
Q

List the different types of B cell receptors (immunoglobulins)

A

GAMED
IgG (serum)
IgA (mucosal)
IgM (early phase)
IgE (allergy)
IgD (differentiation)

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11
Q

How can B lymphocytes react with many more antigenic shapes that their genome can code for?

A

The specificity of a particular antibody is determined by the shape of its variable region.

While still at the B-cell progenitor stage in the bone marrow, B cells randomly rearrange their variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes.

Diversity comes from the fact that there are multiple copies of the V, D and J genes that can be joined together in different combinations.

Addition of random extra nucleotides between the V, D and J regions, changing the structure of the variable regions that will be produced known as Junctional diversity.

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12
Q

How can T lymphocytes react with many more antigenic shapes that their genome can code for?

A

While still at the T-cell progenitor stage in the thymus, T cells randomly rearrange their variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes.

Diversity comes from the fact that there are multiple copies of the V, D and J genes that can be joined together in different combinations.

Addition of random nucleotides between the V, D and J regions known as junctional diversity.

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