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NMSK (Lectures) > Bone Marrow & Leucocytes > Flashcards

Bone Marrow & Leucocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the development of white blood cells

A

Haemopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow differentiate into common myeloid progenitors or common lymphoid progenitors

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2
Q

What are the Lymphoid Myeloid Progenitor cells?

A

Natural Killer Cells
B lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
Immature Dendritic Cells

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3
Q

What are the Common Myeloid Progenitor cells?

A

Megakaryocytes
Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Mast Cells

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4
Q

Define the term Leucocytosis

A

High WBC count

Term can be interchanged with -philla

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5
Q

Describe the typical features of Megakaryocytes

A

Present in bone marrow not normally blood

Rupture releasing thrombocytes (platelets) into circulation (clotting)

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6
Q

Describe the typical features of Erythrocytes

A

Matured erythroblasts which have entered circulation

Red Blood Cells

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7
Q

Describe the typical features of Neutrophils

A

Very fine, pale lilac granules

2-5 Lobed Nucleus

Most abundant WBC

10 – 12 microns in size

Development is influenced by GM-CSF

Derived from the same stem cell as macrophages

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8
Q

What are the roles of neutrophils?

A

Circulate in the blood for minutes up to 6-8 hrs.

Survive in tissues 1 – 2 days

Neutrophils respond rapidly by chemotaxis to bacterial damage.

They then phagocytise pathogens and release lysozymes, strong oxidants and defensins to help fight the infection.

Performs both oxygen dependent & independent killing

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9
Q

Outline the role of neutrophils in inflammation

A

Selectin receptors that interact with selectins on the endothelial cells

The interaction between selectins and their receptors slows the cells passage

Eventually neutrophils escape the blood vessel and gain access to the site of inflammation

Most abscesses dying neutrophils make up the majority of the pus

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10
Q

Explain the process of neutrophils using oxygen dependent killing of phagosomes

A

Killing after phagocytosis ‘Respiritory burst’

Generate reactive oxygen species

Produce of hyperchloric acid

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11
Q

Explain the process of neutrophils using oxygen independent killing of phagosomes

A

Killing in sites of poor blood flow or at abscesses

Lysosomes hydrolase the glycopeptide coats of the bacteria

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12
Q

What is Left Shift?

A

Begin to see immature neutrophils due to stress

Often occurs during infection – acute phase

Circulating neutrophil numbers increase

Begin to see immature neutrophils or ‘band forms’ within the blood – leaving the BM early

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13
Q

Outline the stages of neutrophil development in bone marrow

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band Neutrophil - release prematurely if body is under mechanical stress
Segmented Neutrophils (matured)

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14
Q

What are Heterophils?

A

Rabbit, reptiles, avian equivalent to ‘neutrophils

Functionally equivalent but granules stain RED

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15
Q

Describe the typical features of Basophils

A

Large blue-black round granules in the cytoplasm that block the bilobed nucleus

Least common WBC (very rare to see)

Surface IgE Receptors

Rabbits > Ruminants & Horses >Cats & Dogs

Basophilia is the sign of pathology/disease

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16
Q

Outline the role of Basophils

A

Exit capillaries and enter tissue fluids where they release heparin, histamine and serotonin during hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions to stimulate inflammation.

17
Q

Describe the typical features of Eosinophils

A

Red/orange, large uniform granules

2 but may have 3 connected nuclear lobes that tend to be more rounded and uniform

18
Q

What id the role of Eosinophils?

A

Combat histamine in allergic responses, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and destroy some parasitic worms.

19
Q

Describe the species differences with Eosinophils

A

Canine have intermediate sized granules

Felines have smaller & finer granules

equine & Bovine have larger round granules

20
Q

What is Equine idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis & diffuse eosinophilic enteritis?

A

Intestinal eosinophil inflammation
Unknown cause & linked to surgical colic cases

21
Q

What is Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex?

A

Skin condition of cats
Underlying allergy
Resulting in swelling, lesions, plaques
Collagen released by cells contributes to swelling

22
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

Arise from same precursors as neutrophils

Monocytes present within blood but not tissue
Reptiles have additional mononuclear cell - “azurophil”

Exit of blood into tissue or lymph node gives rise to macrophages and dendritic cells

23
Q

Describe the typical features of Macrophages

A

Monocytes that have differentiated in connective tissue

The cytoplasm appears to be “foamy” (because of numerous secondary lysosomes).

Oval or indented nucleus

24
Q

Outline the function of Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis pathogens, foreign bodies, antigen

Communicate with T-cells

Dendritic Cells

25
Q

Describe the typical features of Dendritic Cells

A

Peripheral antigen presenting cells which provide a connection between innate & adaptive immune response

26
Q

Describe the typical features of Mast cells

A

Connective tissue not blood

Rounded nuclei

Granular cytoplasm

27
Q

What is the function of Mast Cells?

A

Contain granules and histamine which promote inflammatory reaction when secreted

Release of histamine causes endothelial cells lining venules to contract, weakening the junctions between these cells, and allowing proteins and cells from the plasma to leak through into the connective tissue.

These cell play a key role in allergic reactions.

Histamine also causes constriction of the bronchioles, and vasodilatation

28
Q

Describe the typical features of Natural Killer Cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes

Participate in early cytotoxic responses against viruses, parasites, microbial pathogens, as well as tumour immunosurveillance

29
Q

Describe the typical features of B Lymphocytes

A

Arise and mature in Bone Marrow (or bursa of Fabricius in birds)

Vary in size with small lymphocytes being 6-9 µm and large lymphocytes 10-14 µm in diameter.

Nucleus stains dark and is round or slightly indented with the cytoplasm appearing as a rim around the nucleus.

30
Q

Describe the typical features of T Lymphocytes

A

Develope in bone marrow and then move to Thymus

Vary in size with small lymphocytes being 6-9 µm and large lymphocytes 10-14 µm in diameter.

Nucleus stains dark and is round or slightly indented with the cytoplasm appearing as a rim around the nucleus.

31
Q

What is the Diff Quick stain?

A

Most common stain using Eosin and Azure dye

Creates Romanowsky stain effect - mixing of two stains

Eosins stains basic tissue components orange (to pink). These components are know as eosinophilic or acidophilic

Azure stains acidic tissue blue (to black). These components are known as basophilic

32
Q

What is the Leishman stain?

A

Used on blood smears

Can also distinguish certain protozoan parasites

33
Q

What is the Wright stain?

A

Used on BM aspirates & blood smears

34
Q

What is the Giemsa Stain?

A

Staining cytoplasm shades of pink

Used on blood smears

35
Q

How would you perform a differential cell count?

A

Obtain an accurate total WBC count by machine or manual haemocytometer.

Cells x 109/L

Manual required for birds, reptiles species with nucleated red cells).

Use blood smear to count and classify 100 or 200 WBC cells calculate an absolute number for each type (109/L) from % and total WBCC

Or use blood smear to check differential output from machine

36
Q

What is bone aspirate used for?

A

Cytopathologists review BM for the following:

Presence of RBC precursors
Presence of WBCC precursors
Presence of megakaryocyte

Myeloid: Erythroid (M:E) ratio

Orderly progression of cells through precursor stages and presence of final mature stages.

NMSK (Lectures) (63 decks)

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