Respiratory Viruses II

Question 1

Common viruses ==> respiratory tract illness

Answer 1

• Rhinovirus
• Parainfluenza
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Metapneumovirus
• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella

Question 2

Rhinovirus:

• virus type
• dz caused
• serotypes/epidemiology
• risk factors for serious disease/death
• vaccines

Answer 2

• Rhinovirus
  
  • Small, nonenveloped (+) ssRNA
• Dz
  
  • Common cold
  • Asthma exacerbation
• Sero/Epi
  
  • 3 groups, A, B, C
  • 100 serotypes
• Risks
  
  • Group C can cause more serious LRT infections
• Vaccines
  
  • None available

Question 3

Parainfluenza:

• virus type
• dz caused
• serotypes/epidemiology
• risk factors for serious disease/death
• vaccines

Answer 3

• Parainfluenza
  
  • Large, envelope,
  • (-) ssRNA, helical capsid
• Dz
  
  • Croup (k*)
  • Laryngotracheitis (k)
  • Bronchopneumonia (k)
  • Colds in adults
• Sero: 4 types, 1-4
• Vaccines: Working on PIV3

Question 4

RSV:

• virus type
• dz caused
• serotypes/epidemiology
• risk factors for serious disease/death
• vaccines

Answer 4

• Dz
  
  • Bronchiolitis, bronchopnemonia (<1)
  • Colds (adults, older k)
• Epidem = Winter epidemics in kids
• Risks
  
  • Prematurity
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, heart abnormalities →
  • Winter babies <6mo get monoclonal Ab
• Vaccine
  
  • past efforts terminated due to deaths, a better one is needed.
  • current clinical trial w/PIV3

Question 5

Metapneumovirus:

• virus type
• dz caused
• serotypes/epidemiology
• risk factors for serious disease/death
• vaccines

Answer 5

• Metapneumovirus
  
  • Large, envelope,
  • (-) ssRNA, helical capsid
• Dz
  
  • Colds
  • Interstitial pneumonia (a)
• Vaccine
  
  • None available

Question 6

Measles:

• virus type
• dz caused
• serotypes/epidemiology
• risk factors for serious disease/death
• vaccines

Answer 6

• Measles virus,
  
  • (-) ssRNA
• Dz
  
  • Infection, Viremia → Prodrome includes coryza, photophobia, fever → White lesions, maculopapular rash, fever → recovery
• Sero = one serotype
• Risk
  
  • If no T-Cells, giant cell pneumonia and death occur.
  • Malnourishment
  • Immunosuppression also ↑ death rates.
• Vacine = live, attenuated vaccine (MMR)

Question 7

Mumps:

• virus type
• diseases
• serotype/epidemiology
• vaccine

Answer 7

• Mumps virus,
  
  • (-) ssRNA
• Dz
  
  • Infection → Fever, inflammation, induration and pain of epithelia (parotid, testes, ovary, etc.)
• Sero/Epid
  
  • Affects college aged ppl
  • one serotype
• Vaccine = live, attenuated vaccine (MMR)

Question 8

Rubella:

• virus type
• diseases
• serotype/epidemiology
• risks for serious dz/death
• vaccine

Answer 8

• Rubella
  
  • Enveloped
  • (+) ssRNA
  • icosahedral capsid
• Dz
  
  • Enters respiratory → Fever and rash after 2 weeks → resolution
  • Mild version of measles
• Sero = one serotype
• Risks
  
  • Adult women 1o infection get arthralgia or arthritis.
  • Congenital rubella syndrome if passes thru placenta.
• Vaccine = live, attenuated vaccine (MMR)

Question 9

Characteristics of SARS coronavirus

Answer 9

• SARS-coronavirus caused severe lower respiratory tract disease with a 50% fatality rate in people >65 years of age, and an overall fatality rate of 10%
• Spread from person to person only late after infection and disease was often spread from aerosols generated by respiratory therapy equipment

Question 10

SARS pandemic 2002-3

Answer 10

• From February 2003 to June, 2003, the SARS-coronavirus spread from southern China to 29 countries, and caused 8,000 cases with about 730 deaths.
• Candidate vaccines for SARS, although not really necessary at this point

Question 11

Source of SARS + approach to elimination

Answer 11

• 2002, SARS jumped to humans from an animal reservoir (horseshoe-nosed bat)
• The pandemic strain of SARS coronavirus was eliminated from the human population (but is still in labs) by June, 2003!
  
  • co-ordinated global surveillance
  • quarantine and isolation of all victims and exposed persons

Question 12

Characteristics of MERS coronavirus

Answer 12

• zoonotic coronavirus.
• Sporadic infection and hospital acquired infections. Fever, cough, myalgias
• High fatality rate esp. in those with underlying clinical conditions
• >178 confirmed cases and 75 deaths in Arabian peninsula

Question 13

Efforts to eradicate measles

Answer 13

• measles virus only infects humans
• every case is clinically apparent and there is an effective vaccine that can be used during the 2 week incubation to prevent disease in contacts
• most measles in the USA is due to imported cases.
• eradication campaign has been hindered by politics & fear of the vaccine ==> measles re-emerged in Europe ==> imported into the USA