Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TRANSPORT > respiratory unit 1 > Flashcards

respiratory unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what could asymmetrical obstruction be due to?

A

the nasal cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which drugs contribute to drug induced rhinitis?

A 
ACE inhibitors
▪ beta blockers, especially topical ocular preparations used to treat glaucoma
▪ chlorpromazine
▪ aspirin and NSAIDs
▪ methyldopa
▪ oral contraceptives
▪ alpha blockers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does the nose receive blood from?

A

external and internal carotid arteries which form anastamoses with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when is intranasal drug delivery suitable?

A

Drug has low oral bio availability, is potent (volume of less than 1ml), for chronic use or when rapid onset is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

main symptoms of a URTI

A

Blocked/running nose, clear discharge which becomes thick and yellow/green after 2-3 days, fever, cough, feeling unwell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when is a follow up needed for a URTI?

A

After 3-4 days if symptoms are worsening OR after 7-14 days if symptoms are persisting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the most common oral decongestant and what age is it licensed for?

A

pseudo ephedrine for over 6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who are decongestants not recommended for?

A

children, pregnant women, breastfeeding women, people with HTN, pts taking MAOIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name 2 more potent sympathomimetic drugs and what age are they licensed for?

A

xylometazoline AND oxymetalozine for over 12 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when is it illegal to supply pseudoephedrine and ephedrine?

A

more than 720mg of Pseudoephedrine OR more than 180mg ephedrine without a prescription OR combination exceeding these amounts OR both in one transaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is echinacea?

A

used for prevention of cold symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is pholcodine and who is it licensed for age?

A

cough suppressant for over 6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is citric acid formulated as?

A

simple linctus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is benzoin tincture?

A

friars balsam - aromatic inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when does influenza A usually occur?

A

in epidemics and is more virulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are strains of influenza typed and named according to?

A

Antigen - site and year first identified and haemagglutinin (N) and neuraminidase(N) type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the incubation period for influenza?

A

1-5 days (usually 2-3 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which age group usually has shorter and milder symptoms of influenza?

A

children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is influenza differentiated from other symptoms?

A

sudden onset of symptoms, fever over 38 degrees, muscle aches and pains, cough (>90% patients report this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when should oseltamivir be given and what age is it licensed for?

A

1 + and when influenza is circulating in the community, for post-exposure prophylaxis for at risk adults, who have been in close contact with someone suffering from influenza AND given within 48hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when should zanamivir be given and what age?

A

5+ and for severly immunocompromised patients, when oseltamivir can not be used or when resistance to oseltamivir is suspected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are major pandemics of influenza A associated with?

A

antigenic drifts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

unless contraindicated the live influenza vaccine is administered which is called? and for what age?

A

fluenz tetra in children 2-17 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is often the first presenting symptom in a common cold?

A

sore throat

25
what is glandular fever caused by and who is it most common in?
epstein-barr virus and common in 15-25 years young adults
26
what criteria helps predict the likelihood of bacterial throat infection?
feverPAIN and centor criteria
27
what might sore throat be an early indicator of?
medication-induced blood disorder
28
what age is strefan licensed for?
flurbiprofen and for 12 +
29
what age are beechams max strength sore throat relief licensed for?
7+
30
what age are strepsils licensed from?
6+
31
how long does a acute URTI-associated cough resolve within?
3 weeks
32
what symptom associated with a cough should NOT be considered an indication for a referral alone?
coughing up green purulent sputum
33
What age is simple linctus (citric acid 2.5%) licensed from?
12+
34
How does hypertrophy of the adenoid contribute to paediatric rhino-sinusitis cases?
blocks airflow to the nose leading to insufficient ventilation of the sinuses
35
What are risk factors/causes of rhino sinusitis?
colder climates, increases in damp environment, smoking, high levels of pollution, dental infections
36
What age are 85% of patients diagnosed with rhino-sinusitis?
16-65 years
37
When does rhino-sinusitis cause headache or facial pain?
when there is an acute bacterial infection with blockage of sinuses
38
What are the two main classifications of nasal polyps?
ethmoidal and antrochoanal
39
Where do antrochoanal polyps usually arise from?
maxillary sinus and usually unilateral
40
Who are nasal polyps more common in?
more common in men than women BUT in asthma where it is equal in males and females
41
Management for nasal polyps?
Flixonase nasules (400g) for an initial two weeks before changing to Flixonase spray (50g) as a maintenance medication.
42
What sprays are alternatives to nasal douching?
sterimar spays and products such as NeilMed sinus rinse
43
Who is AOM more common in?
common in boys, children who attend nursery, those who are formula fed, have craniofacial abnormalities (for example, cleft palate or Down’s syndrome), who are exposed to passive smoking, children under 10
44
Who may A/B be neccessary for in AOM?
babies under 3 months old, children under 2 years with bilateral AOM, patients whose symptoms have lasted >72 hours, those with systemic symptoms, if ear drum perforation, for those who are immunocompromised or have CF
45
otoscopic examination of AOM?
bulging tympanic membrane, red yellow or cloudy tympanic membrane with LOSS of tympanic membrane land marks
46
what is primarily responsible for nasal blockages in allergic rhinitis?
Leukotrienes and cytokines attract and activate eosinophils to cause allergic inflammation, which is primarily responsible for nasal blockage
47
what is the role of eosinophils in allergic rhinitis?
Eosinophils contain aggressive proteinaceous mediators that stimulate sensory neurones to increase the production of neuropeptides which act on special venous capacitance vessels causing dilatation and nasal blockage.
48
why should first generation antihistamines be avoided in allergic rhinitis?
penetrate easily into the CNS where histamine causes arousal and alertness- - so FGAH cause drowsiness and poor attention so use SGAH which penetrate less well into the brain
49
how do antihistamines work?
do not block H1 receptor but they cause a change in the receptor driving equilibrium to inactive state - INVERSE AGONISTS
50
what is a disadvantage of mizolastine?
SGAH - can cause QT prolongation
51
what age is chlorphenamine licensed for?
allergy - >1 years | cough - >6 years
52
what is cyclizine used for?
motion sickness, nausea and vomiting
53
how do corticosteroids reduce inflammation?
by interacting with a specific steroid receptor in the cytoplasm of a cell, and the steroid receptor then moves into the cell nucleus where it influences protein synthesis
54
what is lipocortin?
corticosteroids synthesise this protein which inhibits breakdown of phospholipids to arachidonic acid which inhibits formation of PGs and LTs
55
what is the main excipient is sodium cromoglicate?
benzalkonium chloride
56
how often should sodium cromoglicate be used?
four times a day
57
what may symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis be triggered by?
stress, hormonal changes, environmental factors, occupational irrtants, hot or spicy foods
58
who is vasomotor rhinitis common in?
over 20 years
59
when can hormonal rhinitis occur?
menstruation, puberty, pregnancy and in hypothyroidism

TRANSPORT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions