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respiratory tracts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is our respiratory system designed to do?

A

allow air to pass in to gain oxygen and breath out CO2, once gaseous exchange has happened

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2
Q

what does gaseous exchange ensure?

A

all organs, tissues and cells get oxygen to produce energy (ATP), as well as getting rid of waste products.

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3
Q

THE NOSE: what does the external structure consist of?

A

hyaline cartilage covered with skin, supported by a bone framework (nasal bone).

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4
Q

THE NOSE: what is the inside nose lined with?

A

muscle and cilia lined with a mucous membrane designed to filter practices

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5
Q

THE NOSE: what does the opening of the nose contain?

A

nares that also function by filtering particles before they enter the nasal cavity.

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6
Q

THE NOSE: what is the nasal cavity?

A

split into 2 by the nasal septum, the cartilage structure that helps form the 2 nostrils on your nose.

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7
Q

The Paranasal Sinuses: what is it?

A

hallow spaces in the bine around the nose

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8
Q

The Paranasal Sinuses: what are the 4 different sinuses?

A
  1. the frontal
  2. maxillary
  3. ethmoid
  4. sphenoid sinuses
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9
Q

The Paranasal Sinuses: what is it’s function?

A

hollow spaces which contribute to lightening the weight of the head

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10
Q

PHARYNX: what is it?

A

muscular structure that connects the mouth to both the oesophagus to aid digestion, an the larynx to aid respiration.

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11
Q

PHARYNX: it is split into 3 sections?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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12
Q

THE LARYNX: what is it made up of?

A

Made up of the epiglottis and two major cartilage structures:
- Cricoid Cartilage – supports vocal ability and the epiglottis
- Thyroid Cartilage – protects the vocal cords

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13
Q

THE LARYNX: what is the most abundant cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

THE LARYNX: what is the primary function of the hyaline cartilage?

A

The primary function of hyaline cartilage is to provide movement and cushioning between joints and other structures.

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15
Q

EPIGLOTTIS: what is it’s primary function?

A
  • protect the trachea from inhaling food and drink.
  • when we prepare to swallow our food, the pharynx widens and the larynx rises in an upwards direction
  • causing the epiglottis to move down and shut over the larynx
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16
Q

EIPIGLOTTIS: what happens when you stop swallowing?

A

the epiglottis reopens when the larynx moves back down, and the pharynx retains its shape

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17
Q

EPIGLOTTIS: what is the glottis?

A

The glottis sits underneath the epiglottis and is made of a pair of mucous membranes called vocal folds. The glottis is designed to detect for foreign particles such as dust, or liquid and triggers a cough to prevent them entering the trachea.

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18
Q

AIRWAYS: what are the airways lined with?

A

mucosa membrane, designed to provide moisture, humidity and protection.

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19
Q

AIRWAYS: what are goblet cells?

A

specialist cells that produce mucous from the protein mucin

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20
Q

AIRWAYS: what supports the airways?

A

submucosa and hyaline cartilage that provides structural support to the airways.

smooth muscles surrounding airways that can trigger bronchoconstriction.

21
Q

LUNGS: how many lobes are on each side of the lung?

A
  • right side: 2 lobes
  • left side 2 lobes
22
Q

LUNGS: what will you see when the left side compensate for when the heart lies?

A

which is why you will see a larger left superior lobe on the left lung. It is also why the left lung has a cardiac notch in the inner side of the lung.

23
Q

LUNGS: how much smaller is the capacity of the left lung?

A

7-10%

24
Q

LUNGS: how is each lobe seperated?

A

separated by structures called pulmonary fissures

25
Q

LUNGS: what are the lined with

A

lined with a costal surface, which is deliberately rounded to compensate for the structure of the rib.

26
Q

LUNGS: where do the lungs sit themselves?

A

within pleura, connected by connective tissues. The hilum of the lungs is where the bronchus, pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter each lung.

27
Q

ALVEOLI: what is it?

A

is a cluster of hollow, air-filled sacs that play the most key role in gaseous exchange. The single structural name is an alveolus

28
Q

ALVEOLI: what does the alveoli give the lungs?

A

gives the lungs it’s sponge like structure, which means that all the alveoli we have plays a key role in how the lungs expand.

29
Q

ALVEOLI: what are they lined with?

A

The alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium (recap on body tissues if you need to), lined with supportive elastic membrane.

30
Q

ALVEOLI: it’s lined with two types of cells, what are they?

A

TYPE 1: alveolar cells (Type 1 alveolar cells are the most abundant of the two, providing the major site of where gas exchange occurs.)
TYPE 2 alveolar cells. (Type 2 alveolar cells are specialist cells that secrete alveolar fluid, which contains a substance called surfactant.)

31
Q

mechanisms of breathing: when do the changes happen?

A

when we breath

32
Q

mechanisms of breathing: process of inhalation?

A
  • The diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards.
  • At the same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull the ribs upwards.
  • This increases the size of the thoracic cavity (increasing lung volume) and reduces thoracic pressure.
  • This results in air rushing into the lungs.
33
Q

mechanisms of breathing: exhalation process?

A
  • The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, whilst the muscles between the ribs relax and the ribs move back downwards.
  • This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity (decreasing lung volume) and increases thoracic pressure due to a limit space.
  • This results in air rushing out of the lungs.
34
Q

Boyles law: what is it?

A

'’the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it’’

35
Q

Boyles Law: meaning in short term?

A

pressure is going to be either high or low, volume needs to be opposite state.

so if the volume was high, the pressure inside the space will be low and vice versa.

36
Q

if things change: starting with high CO2/low O2 or low pH?

A
  1. chemoreceptors triggered - afferent neuron transmission
  2. respiratory centre in medulla oblongata.
  3. motor transmission via efferent neurones to muscles around the lungs.
  4. increases respiratory rate and work of breathing
37
Q

if things change: starting with low CO2/ high oxygen O2 or high pH.

A
  1. chemoreceptors triggered - afferent neuron transmission.
  2. respiratory centre in medulla oblongata
  3. motor transmission via efferent neurons to muscles around the lungs
  4. decreasing respiratory rate and work of breathing
38
Q

gas exchange: what are the % of the different gases in the air?

A
  • nitrogen (78.6%)
  • Oxygen (20.9%)
  • water vapour (0.04)
  • carbon dioxide (0.004)
  • other gases (0.0006)
39
Q

gas exchange: what does it mean when gas exerting pressure?

A

this is known as partial pressure (Px). Several gases exerting a pressure within a gaseous mixture can be totaled to a total pressure. This is explained in Dalton’s Law.

40
Q

Dalton’s law: what is it?

A

total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual component gases.

  • when we breath in, we are inspiring air with a total pressure of 760 mmHg, because this pressure is being exerted on us all the time from the gases in air.
41
Q

Dalton’s law: what does the partial pressure of each gas add up to?

A

TOTAL: 760mmHg
Nitrogen - 597.4 mmHg
Oxygen - 158.8 mmHg
Water Vapour - 3.0 mmHg
Carbon dioxide - 0.3 mmHg
Other gases - 0.5 mmHg

42
Q

Dalton’s Law: what happens to the oxygens pressure

A

For oxygen to diffuse through the alveoli membrane into the blood, the partial pressure of oxygen needs to be higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

43
Q

Henry’s Law: what does this law explain?

A

how gases within a liquid move to/from air

“The amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.”

44
Q

Henry’s Law: what happens to the pressure when it moves from a higher to lower pressure

A

pressure will move from a higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, which means the direction of where a gas diffuses through is influenced by partial pressure within blood and the alveoli.

45
Q

Haemoglobin: what is within each of the polypeptide chains?

A

there are dedicated haem groups, which contains an iron (Fe2+) ion which helps to bind oxygen molecules to haemoglobin.

46
Q

haemoglobin: how many oxygen molecules can it hold?

A

4

47
Q

BLOOD: how much is made up of plasma?

A

55%

48
Q

BLOOD: how much is made up of red blood cells?

A

45%

principles of nursing (12 decks)

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