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HLSC 220 Pharmacotherapeutics for Health Professionals 💊 > Respiratory Tract drugs: Antihistamines and Antitussives - Ch. 80 > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract drugs: Antihistamines and Antitussives - Ch. 80 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a kind of cell that releases histamine (and other substances)?

A

Mast cells

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2
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

Symptoms of allergic reactions

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3
Q

What are antihistamines?

A

Histamine receptor antagonists
-Drugs that compete with histamine receptor site

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4
Q

What are the 2 histamine receptor subtypes?

A

H1 (histamine1)
H2 (histamine2)

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5
Q

What kind of histamine receptor do antihistamines bind to?

A

H1
-They are H1 antagonists
-Some also act as anticholinergic drugs

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6
Q

What percent of the general population is sensitive to various environmental allergies?

A

10%-20%

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7
Q

What are some histamine-mediated disorders?

A

Allergic rhinitis hay fever, mould and dust allergies)
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Drug fevers -usually young kids
Insect bite reactions
Urticaria (redness and itching)

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines?

A

Block of H1 receptors prevents the adverse consequences of histamine receptor stimulation

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9
Q

What are the physiological effects of antihistamines?

A

Vasodilation
Increased GI and respiratory secretion
Increased capillary permeability

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10
Q

What is the histamine action on small blood vessels?

A

Dilation and increased permeability
Swelling (fluid from plasma into interstitial fluid)

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11
Q

What is the antihistamine effect on small blood vessels?

A

Reduce dilation of blood vessels
Reduce increased permeability of blood vessels

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12
Q

What is the histamine action on exocrine glands?

A

Stimulate salivary, lacrimal and bronchial secretions

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13
Q

What is the antihistamine effect on exocrine glands?

A

Reduce salivary, lacrimal and bronchial secretions

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14
Q

What is another use for antihistamines?

A

Skin
-Reduce capillary permeability
-Wheal-and-flare formation
-Itching (pruritus)

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15
Q

What are some palliative, not curative, treatments using antihistamines?

A

Nasal allergies
Seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
Allergic reactions
Motion sickness
Sleep disorders

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16
Q

What are the 2 main types of Antihistamines?

A

Traditional (1950s)
Nonsedating/peripherally acting (1980s)

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17
Q

What are traditional antihistamines?

A

older drugs
Antagonists of H1 receptors
Anticholinergic effects
Nighttime relief

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18
Q

What do traditional antihistamines do when they act on peripheral H1 receptors?

A

Reduce respiratory/eye symptoms

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19
Q

What do traditional antihistamines do when they act on central H1 receptors?

A

Cause sedation

20
Q

What are some examples of traditional antihistamines?

A

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Chlorpheniramine

21
Q

Why are traditional antihistamines used as a sleep aid?

A

Because they cause sedation/drowsiness

22
Q

What is the anticholinergic effect of traditional antihistamines?

A

ACh on cell cholinergic receptors
-Parasympathetic NS action (peripheral)
-CNS (central)

23
Q

What does the anticholinergic effect of traditional antihistamines cause?

A

Drying effect that reduces nasal, lacrimal, salivary gland secretions
-runny nose, tearing, itching eyes
-Dry mouth (reduced saliva)
-Difficulty urinating
-Constipation
-Change sin vision (dilated pupils, blurred vision)

24
Q

What are nonsedating/peripherally acting antihistamines?

A

Developed to eliminate unwanted adverse effects, mainly sedation
Work peripherally

25
Q

What is the result of nonsedating/peripherally acting antihistamines working peripherally?

A

Fewer CNS adverse effects

26
Q

What is increased/longer in nonsedating antihistamines?

A

Longer duration of action
increases adherance

27
Q

Examples of nonsedating/peripherally acting antihistamines?

A

Loratadine (Claritin)
Desloratadine (Aerius)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
Cetirizine (Reactin)

28
Q

What should the nurse do if the client is taking traditional antihistamines?

A

Instruct clients to report excessive sedation, confusion or hypotension
Client should avoid driving or operating heavy machinery
Do not consume alcohol or other CNS depressants

29
Q

What is coughing?

A

Respiratory secretions and foreign objects are naturally removed via cough reflex

30
Q

What is the cough reflex?

A

Induces coughing and expectoration
Initiated by irritation of sensory receptors in the respiratory tract

31
Q

What are the two basic types of coughs?

A
  1. Productive
  2. Nonproductive
32
Q

What is a productive cough?

A

Congested, wet, removes excessive secretions

33
Q

What is a nonproductive cough?

A

Dry cough

34
Q

Is coughing always beneficial?

A

No sometimes can be harmful
e.g, after hernia repair surgery

35
Q

What drugs are used to stop or reduce coughing?

A

Antitussives
-Opioids
-Othe ragents

36
Q

What is the only kind of cough that antitussives are used to treat?

A

ONLY Nonproductive coughs

37
Q

How are opioids antitussive?

A

Suppress the cough reflex
Acts in cough centre of medulla

38
Q

Examples of antitussive opioids?

A

Codeine
Hydrocodone

39
Q

What is a common over the counter (OTC) antitussive?

A

Dextromethorphan (Benylin)

40
Q

What is Dextromethorphan (Benylin)?

A

Synthetic opioid-like compound
-Doesn’t produce morphine-like effects tho

41
Q

What Traditional antihistamine is a non-opioid antitussive drug?

A

Diphenhydramine

42
Q

What are antitussives used for?

A

Used to stop cough reflex when the cough is nonproductive and/or harmful

43
Q

What adverse effects are associated with codiene as an antitussive?

A

Sedation, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, constipation
-typical opioid effects

44
Q

What adverse effects are associated with dextromethorphan (antitussive)?

A

Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea
-Less CNS effects than codeine

45
Q

What symptoms should be reported when using antitussives?

A

Cough lasts more than a week
persisten headache
fever
rash

HLSC 220 Pharmacotherapeutics for Health Professionals 💊 (31 decks)

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