Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Function of respiratory tract

A

Filtration, Humidification and Warming of inspired air
Olfaction (and taste)
Gas transport
Speech
Protection against infection
Gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Lines tubular/conducting portion of respiratory system
Pseudostratified- all cells in contact with basement membrane
Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Interspersed goblet cells (mucus-secreting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of the nose

A

Filtration, humidification and warming of inspired air
Olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structure of the nose

A
  1. First part of nostrils= Keratinising stratifies squamous epithelium
  2. Further back= non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
  3. Nasal cavity = Respiratory epithelium
    Loose fibrous connective tissue= Richly vascular lamina propria containing seromucinous glands (produce catarrh/snot)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

seromucinous glands

A

Produce catarrh (snot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nose- olfaction
Olfactory epithelium structure

A

Roof of nasal cavity, extending down septum and lateral wall
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of olfactory receptor cells with supporting sustentacular cells and basal cells
Serous glands of Bowman
Richly innervated lamina propria
Contains penetrating nerve fibres that will reach surface of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stereocillia

A

Cillia on olfactory epithelium
Non-motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Serous glands of Bowman

A

Secrete a watery fluid which help to wash the surface clean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does olfactory epithelium line

A

Apex of roof of the nose and extending a short distance down inside of nasal septum and lateral wall of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Dendrite extends to surface to become club-shaped ciliated olfactory vesicle
Stain with silver stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of Nasopharynx

A

Gas transport
Humidification
Warming
Olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nasopharynx structure

A

Lined by respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nasal sinuses functions

A

Lower the weight of the front of the skull
Add resonance to the voice
Humid and warm inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nasal sinuses structure

A

Lined by respiratory epithelium
Air filled spaces within the bones of the skull and facial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 nasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Larynx structure

A

Cartilaginous box (formed from mostly hyaline cartilage)- hold larynx open against negative pressure during inspiration
Inner aspect (apart from vocal chords) lined by respiratory epithelium
Beneath epithelium- loose fibrocollagenous stroma with seromucinous glands, lymphatics and boood vessels
Beneath fibrocollagenous stroma, perichondrium (layer of dense connective tissue) and then hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Larynx function

A

Voice production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epiglottis structure

A

Formed from elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vocal chords structure

A

Stratified squamous epithelium overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space)
Beneath= vocal ligament (dense fibro-elastic connective tissue)
Beneath - vocalis muscle
Folds contain free upper margin of a cone of elastic tissue (conus elasticus)
Almost no lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reinke’s space

A

Space occupied by loose irregular fibrous tissue in vocal chords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trachea function

A

Conducts air to and from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trachea structure

A
  1. Lined by respiratory epithelium
  2. Seromucinous glands in submucosa (loose fibrous connective tissue)
  3. Perichondrium
    Trachealis muscle posteriorly- fills gap between C rings
  4. C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings
  5. Perichondrium
  6. Thin loose connective tissue adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Carina

A

Bifurcation of trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Series of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do the trachea, main/lobar/segmental bronchi all contain

A

Smooth muscle
Partial cartilaginous rings
Respiratory epithelium
Some basal neuroendocrinecells
Seromucinous glands and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do bronchioles contains

A

Smooth muscle
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Some basal neuroendocrine cells
Few goblet cells
Clara cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clara cells structure

A

Most numerous in terminal bronchioles
Roughly cuboidal
Contain: mitochondria, sER, secretory granules
No cilia
Vesicular cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Clara cell function
(Unclear)

A

Secrete a lipoprotein that helps prevent luminal collapse during exhalation
Oxidation of inhaled toxins
Produce antiproteases to neutralise the effects of inflammatory reaction
Surfactant production/elimination
Stem cells?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the last part of the conducting airways

A

Terminal bronchioles which give rise to first part of the distal respiratory tract in which gas exchange can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Respiratory bronchiole function

A

First part of distal respiratory tract
Gas exchange as well as transport
Link terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Respiratory bronchiole structure

A

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium
Spirally-arranged smooth muscle
No cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Alveoli function

A

Site of gas exchange
150-400 million per lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Size of alveoli

A

250 um in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Alveoli cell types

A

Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes

35
Q

Type I pneumocytes structure

A

40% of cell population
90% of surface area
Flattened cells- squamous epithelia cells
Flattened nucleus
Few organelles

36
Q

Type I pneumocytes function

A

Provide part of the blood:air barrier
Very thin

37
Q

Type II pneumocytes structure

A

60% of cell population
5-10% of surface area
Rounded cells- cuboidal to columnar epithelium
Round nucleus
Rich in mitochondria, sER and spherical bodies

38
Q

Alveolar macrophages structure

A

Contain carbon- in individuals who smoke or work and live in polluted environments
Phagocytes derived from blood monocytes
Luminal cells also present in the interstitium

39
Q

Type II pneumocytes function

A

Produce surfactant- a protein which lowers surface tension in the lungs, making it easier to inflate the lungs
Also prevents desiccation of air sacs by forming a lipid-like insulating layer over surface of alveolus

40
Q

When does surfactant production begin

A

28th week of intrauterine life

41
Q

Alveolar macrophages function

A

Phagocytose particulates including dusts and bacteria
Enter lymphatics or leave via mucociliary escalator to be removed from lungs

42
Q

Alveolar blood:air barrier

A

Type I pneumocytes
Fused basement membrane of pneumocyte and capillary
Vascular endothelial cell
200-800 nm thick

43
Q

How thick is the alveolar blood:air barrier

A

200-800 nm

44
Q

How many layers in the blood:air barrier

A

3= type I pneumocyte, basement membrane, asculaf endothelial cell (or 4 + surfactant)

45
Q

Alveoli interstitium

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue
Where endothelial cells are not in direct contact with pneumocytes
Collagen and elastin fibres (produced by fibroblasts)
Macrophages
Pores of Kohn

46
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Holes in alveolar walls
Help to equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli and help lungs inflate evenly and easily
BUT allow infection to easily spread through lungs eg pneumonia

47
Q

Visceral pleura structure

A

Flat mesothelial (squamous) cells
Loose fibrocollagenous connective tissue
Irregular external elastic layer
Interstitial fibrocollagenous layer
Irregular internal elastic layer

48
Q

What does the alveolar interstitium contain

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, collagen, elastin and some macrophages

49
Q

Ciliated epithelium becomes ……… more distally

A

Flatter

50
Q

Role of neuro-endocrine cells

A

monitoring the inspired air for allergens and other potentially harmful elements

51
Q

Role of mucus

A

prevents dehydration of the epithelium and traps particulate matter that is removed from the system by the beating of the cilia

52
Q

Swell bodies

A

A rich plexus of thin-walled arterioles and venules that lie deep to the epithelium of the nose
Help to warm and humidify inspired air
Source of many nose bleeds

53
Q

Number of bony projections that extend from later walls of nose (concha)

A

3

54
Q

How is inspired air filtered

A

Cilia and layer of mucus of surface of epithelium trap particulate matter

55
Q

How is inspired air warmed and humidified

A

Relatively thin non-keratinising epithelium allows escape of water and heat

56
Q

Where are the nasal sinuses located

A

In the bones of the skull with the same name

57
Q

Where do the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses open into

A

The nasal cavity below the upper and middle turbinates respectively

58
Q

Where do the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses open into

A

The nasal cavity below the upper and middle turbinates respectively

59
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain into

A

Roof of nasal cavity, anterior to olfactory epithelium

60
Q

Where do the sphenoid sinuses drain into

A

Roof of nasal cavity posteriorly

61
Q

Location of olfactory epithelium

A

Located below the cribriform plate in roof of nose

62
Q

Innervation of olfactory epithelium

A

Unmyelinated olfactory nerves pass through holes in cribriform plate to connect to olfactory bulb of brain
Bipolar neurons whose dendritic processes reach surface of epithelium

63
Q

Serous glands of olfactory epithelium function

A

Produce a watery secretion that acts as a solvent for odorous substances
Irrigate the surface and help refresh epithelium

64
Q

Advantages of stratified squamous epithelium for vocal chords

A

More robust
Is accustomed to wear
Can withstand vibrations of folds

65
Q

Which muscles manipulate folds of vocal chords

A

Vocalis muscle
Extrinsic muscle of larynx eg crico-thyroid muscle

66
Q

Number of C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in trachea

A

12-15

67
Q

Shape of goblet cells

A

Wine-glass shape

68
Q

MALT lymph nodule

A

Mucosa associated lymph tissue
Lie in underlying connective tissue of bronchi

69
Q

Lymph node vs MALT

A

MALT= less discrete, lacks a capsule, present in a mucosa
Lymph node= discrete encapsulated collection of lymphoid tissue

70
Q

Role of fibroblasts in alveoli

A

Produce a framework of reticulin (collagen III) and elastic tissue important in elastic recoil of lungs during exhalation

71
Q

Threshold of blood:air barrier leading to impaired gas exchange

A

1.2um

72
Q

What 5 layers of tissue does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across

A
  1. Surfactant
  2. Alveolar cell
  3. Basement membrane
  4. Capillary endothelium
  5. Red cell membrane
73
Q

Fate of particulate-carrying alveolar macrophages

A

Enter respiratory and terminal bronchioles and are expelled from lungs via muco-ciliary escalator

74
Q

Fate of particulate-carrying fixed (septal) macrophages

A

Remain in interstitium of lungs or enter lymphatics

75
Q

What occurs if particulate matter is indigestible or larger than a macrophage

A

Macrophages fuse together to form giant cells- may induce granuloma formation

76
Q

True and false folds of the larynx

A

Below epiglottis, the mucosa is thrown into 2 sets of folds
Uppermost set and lowermost set
Vestibule lies between them (covered by respiratory epithelium)

77
Q

Uppermost set of folds in larynx

A

False cords lined by respiratory epithelium (may be islands of stratified squamous epithelium)

78
Q

Lowermost set of folds in larynx

A

True vocal cords lined by stratified squamous epithelium

79
Q

Function of elastic tissue in alveolar walls

A

Allows alveoli to stretch and recoil during inspiration and expiration
Serves as a spring tethering bronchioles walls open, preventing bronchioles and alveolar collapse during expiration

80
Q

Infantile respiratory distress syndrome

A

Absence of surfactant when prematurely born as cells develop late in gestation
Leads to widespread alveolar collapse

81
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation of bronchioles

A

Contraction of smooth muscle
Luminal diameter decreases
Reduced air flow

82
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of bronchiole

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle
Luminal diameter increases
Increased airflow

83
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of olfactory receptor cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells and basal cells

84
Q

Vestibule

A

lies between true and false folds of larynx
lined by respiratory epithelium

Histology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions