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Histology > Liver, Gallbladder And Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver, Gallbladder And Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Principle cells of the liver

A

Hepatocytes

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2
Q

Arrangement of hepatocytes in liver

A

Arranged in cords with intervening sinusoids

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3
Q

Portal tract/triad comprises of…

A

Branches of portal veins
Hepatic Arteries
Bile ducts

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4
Q

Classic lobules

A

Liver divided into classic lobules- architectural concept based on blood drainage
Area drained by one central hepatic venule
Roughly hexagonal
Each point of hexagon = portal tracts
Centre = central vein

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5
Q

Acinus

A

Architectural concept based around the blood supply rather than the drainage
Diamond shape
Portal tracts on the ends of the short axis of the acinus
Central vein on ends of long axis of acinus

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6
Q

Hepatocytes in the lobule

A

Not all equal
Some Hepatocytes are more richly oxygenated than others:
-closest to edge of lobule
-nearest to portal vein
-nearest to hepatic arteries
Hepatocytes surrounding central vein are relatively deprived of oxygen and glucose

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7
Q

Blood flow within lobule

A

Blood flows from the portal tract through the sinusoids between the cords of Hepatocytes and drains into the central vein

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8
Q

What is the largest solid organ in the body

A

Liver

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9
Q

Function of Hepatocytes

A

Creation and storage of energy in the form of glycogen and fats
Synthesis and secretion plasma proteins
De-amination of amino acids and production of urea
Uptake, synthesis and excretion of bilirubin and bile acids
Detoxification and inactivation of drugs and toxins by oxidation, methylation or conjugation

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10
Q

Structure of Hepatocytes

A

Polyhedral epithelial cells
Abundant mitochondria
Large central spherical nuclei
Prominent nucleoli
May be binucleate

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11
Q

4 macroscopic lobes of liver

A

Left
Right
Caudate
Quadrate

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12
Q

3 surfaces of Hepatocytes

A

Sinusoidal (70%)
Canalicular (15%)
Intercellular (15%)

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13
Q

Sinusoidal surface of Hepatocytes

A

Permits exchange of material with blood- space of Disse

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14
Q

Canalicular surface of Hepatocytes

A

Permits excretion of bile

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15
Q

Space of Disse

A

Peri-Sinusoidal space
Contains reticulin fibres (collagen III)
Contains ito cells (stem cells)

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16
Q

Sinusoids

A

Fenestrated thin-walled capillaries
No basement membrane
Contains scattered Kupffer cells (fixed macrophages) and ito cells
Carry a mixture of venous (70%) and arterial (30%) blood that bathes the cords of liver cells

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17
Q

What are kupffer cells derived from

A

Blood monocytes

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18
Q

Intrahepatic biliary tree

A

Simple cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium
Canaliculi—>bile ductules —> trabecular ducts —> bile ducts

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19
Q

Where are canaliculi located

A

In between individual hepatocytes

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20
Q

As the size of the duct increases, how does the height of the epithelium change

A

Increases
Eg extrahepatic ducts lined by simple columnar epithelium

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21
Q

Functions of gallbladder

A

Concentrates and stores bile
Expels bile via common bile duct into duodenum

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22
Q

Which duct carries bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

A

Common bile duct

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23
Q

How does the gallbladder concentrate bile

A

Absorbing water

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24
Q

Gallbladder epithelium and structure

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Mucosa comprising loose, fibrous connective tissue below
No muscularis mucosae
Muscularis propria = Thick layer of smooth muscle

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25
Q

Layers of gallbladder wall

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Specialised mucosa
Muscularis propria
Adventitia

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26
Q

Specialised mucosa of gallbladder

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Microvilli
Thrown into folds- adapted for water and salt absorption
Connective tissue
Lamina propria

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27
Q

Function of exocrine pancreas

A

Synthesise and secrete enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid into the duodenum

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28
Q

Structure of exocrine pancreas

A

Surrounded by a Poorly defined fibrous capsule with septa dividing gland into lobules
Epithelial cells arranged in acini

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29
Q

Acinar cells of exocrine pancreas

A

Epithelial
Pyramidal shape
Basally- rich in rER
apically- zymogen granules (enzyme precursors)

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30
Q

Duct system of exocrine pancreas

A

Centroacinar cells —> intercalated ducts —> interlobular ducts —> main pancreatic duct

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31
Q

Lining of interlobular ducts of pancreas

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium to low columnar cells

32
Q

Lining of main pancreatic duct

A

Alumna

33
Q

What separates the polygonal lobules of the liver

A

Delicate connective tissue septa

34
Q

What is stored within hepatocytes

A

Large quantities of glycogen and triglyceride

35
Q

Purpose of the concept of liver acinus

A

Helps to explain the variations in metabolic activity that occurs within a lobules

36
Q

What composes the mesh work that sinusoids rest on

A

Reticulin (collagen III fibres)

37
Q

Role of Kupffer cells

A

Phagocytose and destroy blood borne pathogens that pass through the liver
Responsible for production of bilirubin that is subsequently taken up and excreted by hepatocytes

38
Q

Sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes function

A

Transport mechanisms for the uptake of nutrients and pinocytotic release of macromolecules

39
Q

Canalicular membrane of hepatocytes function

A

Target for discharge of bile

40
Q

Rosettes

A

Glycogen particles present in hepatocytes

41
Q

Lining of biliary tree

A

Cuboidal epithelium
In smaller vessels = simple
Towards distal end = stratified

42
Q

What percentage by mass is the exocrine pancreas if the gland

A

90%

43
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

Wholly serous gland- watery secretion, enzyme rich

44
Q

Secretin and exocrine pancreas

A

Induces release of an alkaline fluid which is mainly produced by centre-acinar cells and small duct cells

45
Q

CCK and exocrine pancreas

A

Causes the release of enzymes from the cells by exocytosis

46
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Extra-cellular channels between hepatocytes into which the hepatocytes secrete bile
These channels coalesce at the edges of the liver lobules and drain the bile into bile ductules that form part of the portal triad

47
Q

Do liver cells replicate?

A

Yes, bi-nucleate liver cells (in the process of division) constitute 2%-3% of the liver mass
Liver is capable of substantial regeneration

48
Q

Ito cells

A

Lie in sinusoids of liver
Fat-storing cells that play a pivotal role in the fatty degeneration and fibrosis of the liver eg in cirrhosis

49
Q

Where is the water absorbed by the gallbladder passed into

A

Venules and veins in the walls of the sac

50
Q

Which hormone causes the gallbladder to contract

A

Cholecystokinin CCK

51
Q

Where is cholecystokinin produced

A

Endocrine cells in walls of duodenum

52
Q

When is cholecystokinin released

A

In response to fat arriving in the duodenum from the stomach

53
Q

Which nerve supplies the pancreas with secretor-motor fibres

A

Vagus nerve

54
Q

What mechanism prevents the proteolytic enzymes from digesting the pancreas

A

Secreted in the inactive form as zymogens and are normally only activated when they reach the duodenum
In some forms of pancreatitis the gland breaks down autolytically

55
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure sensors
Found in the pancreas

56
Q

Islet of Langerhans

A

Contain endocrine cells including beta cells that produce insulin

57
Q

What product in particular does the splenic branch of the hepatic portal vein carry to the liver

A

Iron carrying ferritin

58
Q

How are the products transported from the spleen processed by the liver

A

Ferritin (a protein with an iron core) is discharged by the spleen and is picked up by Kupffer cells in the liver

59
Q

Ferritin

A

A protein with an iron core

60
Q

Which hepatocytes have higher glycogen concentrations

A

Periphery of the lobules

61
Q

Which hepatocytes are glycogen removed from first

A

Hepatocytes closer to the centre of a lobule

62
Q

2 most important proteins continuously synthesised by the liver

A

Serum albumin
Fibrinogen

63
Q

Paracetamol poisoning causes centrilobular death of hepatocytes,

Which of the following lies at the centre of the classic liver lobule?

A

Central hepatic venule

64
Q

In the lobule , which direction does blood flow

A

Towards the centre

65
Q

Number of zones in acinus

A

3

66
Q

Zone 1 of acinus

A

Zone 1 encircles the portal tracts where the oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries enters.

67
Q

A 24 year old man with a hepatitis A virus infection develops fulminant liver failure.

Which of the following is a function of hepatocytes?

A

Bile synthesis

68
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

69
Q

Which of the following statements regarding hepatocytes is true?

A

Usually contain glycogen

70
Q

Fat in the liver is stored in

A

Hepatocytes
Ito cells

71
Q

A 45 year old man with infertility, diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis of the liver undergoes a liver biopsy, which looks like this.

Which statement regarding the blue Kupffer cells is true?

A

Lie in sinusoids

72
Q

The patient has haemochromatosis, which causes iron overload in the liver, pancreas, skin and gonads. What stain has been used to stain these cells blue?

A

Perls’ stain

73
Q

What do pancreatic Acinar cells secrete

A

Chymotrypsinogen

74
Q

What do pancreatic Acinar cells look like on a slide

A

Large magenta cells - fluffy

75
Q

What do pancreatic ductule cells secrete

A

Bicarbonate ions

Histology (17 decks)

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