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Microanatomy > Respiratory tract > Flashcards

Respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Air conduction/gas exchange, phonation, olfaction, heat regulation, air condition (temperature and moisture), protection, acid base regulation, hormone conversation

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2
Q

What is the transitional system

A

composed of the respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

What is the gas exchange system

A

composed of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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4
Q

What does the conductive system do?

A

Brings air to the respiratory portion

cleanses, moistens and warms the incoming air

Blood in venous plexus in mucous membrane of nasal cavity regulates temperature of inhaled air

Hair and secretion in the nasal cavity trap particulate matter

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5
Q

What do the transitional system do?

A

A transition zone between the conducting (ciliated) and gas exchange (alveolar system) areas of the respiratory tree

Consists exclusively of respiratory bronchioles* which are lined by (similar to terminal bronchioles):
* “Club cells” (formerly known as Clara cells)
* Non-ciliated secretory cells
* Only a few ciliated cells.
* Healthy bronchioles do not have goblet cells

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6
Q

What does the exchange system fdo?

A

Composed of alveoli; thin-walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries: the pulmonary capillaries.

Alveoli are lined by epithelial type I (membranous) and type II pneumonocytes (also know as pneumocytes)

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7
Q

What are the histological features of the conductive system

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi are mostly lined by pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells.

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8
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

A

Non-specific (non immune- mediated):
– Mucous trapping
– Mucociliary clearance
(mucociliary escalator)
– Phagocytosis
– Air turbulence (generated by coughing and sneezing).

  • Specific (immune-mediated):
    – Antibody production
    – Antibody-mediated phagocytosis
    – Cell-mediated immunity
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9
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

cavity is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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10
Q

What does the nasal lamina propria contain?

A

The lamina propria contains tubulo-alveolar glands* (arrow) mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands

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11
Q

Where is the olfaction (bowmans gland) located?

A

The nasal cavity

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12
Q

What supports the lamina propria of the nasal cavity ?

A

submucosa

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13
Q

The olfactory epitelium contains?

A

olfactory sensory cells

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14
Q

Nasal cavity; vestibular region

A

Initial, external part of the nasal cavity has a cutaneous mucous membrane, haired skin and glands.

The vestibular region is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

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15
Q

Nasal cavity respiratory region

A

The largest part of the nasal cavity is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. This combination of cells is known as the Mucociliary apparatus, responsible for clearance.

Projections from the lateral wall CONCHAE TURBINATES narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane, thus regulating the quality and quantity of inhaled air.

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16
Q

What is the mucociliary appartus

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Goblet cells produce mucinogen granules

Movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles such as dust and microorganisms

Both constitute a cleaning apparatus of upper respiratory passages

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17
Q

Where are goblet cells present

A

along the airways to levels of large bronchioles

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18
Q

What do the goblet cells do?

A

Secretion traps particulate matter
* Reaction to injury:
– Increased numbers of these cells (hyperplasia) in smokers

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19
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

a change from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium

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20
Q

Cilated epithelial cells

A

Each has numerous cila on its surface, tips have “claws” od dynein and “beat” in unision (but movement resembles a wave from cell to cell) to move mucus

cells are connected by gap junctions

Dysfunction caused immotile cilia syndrome

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21
Q

Olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A

lined with olfactory epithelium, much thicker than respiratory epithelium, lacks goblet cells.

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22
Q

Where is Olfactory epithelium located?

A

in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What epithelium is thicker between olfactory and respiratory epithelium

A

olfactory

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24
Q

What are the cells involved with olfactory epithelium

A

Olfactory neurons — smell = olfaction (axons of olfactory neurons = Cr N. 1)

Supporting (sustentacular cells)

Basal cells – stem cells for others

NO GOBLET CELLS

25
Q

What are both the respiratory and the olfactory regions rich in?

A

Swell bodies - distended with blood

26
Q

What does the lamina of the serous olfactory gland contain

A

serous olfactory glands and non- myelinated axons of olfactory neurons form nerve bundles Cr. N. 1

27
Q

What are nasal cavity cells and structures

A
  • Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
  • Goblet cells - secrete mucus
  • Basal cells - stem cells for other types
  • Neuroendocrine cells
  • Brush cell - microvilli
  • Olfactory epithelium
28
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ

A

chhemoreception, sexual behavior, mainly used to detect pheromones

29
Q

What is the larynx

A

Includes cartilage, vocal folds, skeletal muscle
* Initial part of the larynx is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
* After the vocal chords the lining changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

30
Q

Describe the trachea

A

The trachea is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

The lamina propria and the submucosa are not clearly demarcated in the trachea,

Serous glands are seen in the lamina propria/submucosa.

Rings of cartilage, which are incomplete dorsally, support the tracheal wall.

Note: birds have complete rings of cartilage

A connective tissue adventitia completes the wall of the trachea

31
Q

What is number 1 and 2

A

1: Hyaline cartilage and 2: Esophagus

32
Q

What are the arrows pointed at?

A
33
Q

What are the arrows pointed at?

A
34
Q

Understand this image

A
35
Q

What does the trachea branch into

A

2 bronchi, brouchus has plates of hyaline cartilage

36
Q

Describe the Bronchus

A

The trachea bifurcates into the bronchi, which enter the lung and branch extensively
.
Bronchi are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing mixed bronchial glands (circle) and plates of hyaline cartilage (arrow).

Mixed seromucous glands secrete mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme (bacteriostatic/cidal)

37
Q

Label this image

A
38
Q

Describe Bronchioles

A

Bronchi branch into bronchioles

Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands

Bronchioles are subdivided into:
- terminal bronchioles (top arrow)
- respiratory bronchioles (bottom)

39
Q

What are terminal bronchioles

A

Lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells.

A muscularis mucosae is still present in terminal bronchioles

40
Q

What are the bronchiolar exocrine cells

A

Club cells

41
Q

What are club cells

A

Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
* Bulge at surface

  • Secretory: source of surfactant- like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
  • Metabolizeairbornetoxins,may have immune function
  • metabolizing xenobiotic* compounds (*substances that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system)
42
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium (ARROW) which becomes flattened distally.

Have incomplete muscularis mucosae

Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar duct

43
Q

What are the alveolar ducts?

A

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelial cells

The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains smooth muscle cells

Alveolar ducts empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.

The presence of smooth muscle (SM) gives the lip of the alveolus a knob-like appearance on sections.

44
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack smooth muscle.

Alveoli are lined by two distinct epithelial cells: Pneumocytes type I and pneumocytes type II.

45
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

alveolar spaces filled with proteinaceous fluid.

46
Q

Alveolar pores

A

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via pores, providing equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed.

Pores allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another.

47
Q

Pulmonary interstitum

A

interconnecting networks of intestitial stromal tissue supporting the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

48
Q

Pulmonary septum

A

Diving wall - composed of interstitium plus cell

49
Q

Alveolar septum and interstitum

A

Contians fibroblasts, capillaries
Dust cells
Collagen type III present in the alveolar wall
Collagen type I is present in conducting airways
Elastic fibers

50
Q

Pneumocyte Type I

A

also known as Squamous Alveolar TYPE 1 Cell

  • Form walls of alveoli
  • Pneumocyte Type I cells compose 95% of alveolar surface area
  • Extremely thin, have occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage
  • Gas permeability is desired function
  • Are not mitotic
  • Organelles are grouped around nucleus
51
Q

Pneumocyte Type II

A

also known as Granular Alveolar Type II Cell

  • Pneumocyte type II cells account for 5% of alveolar surface area
  • Secretory cell.
  • Surfactant is produced via lamellar bodies
  • Can be mitotic → Produces type I and type II cells
52
Q

Understand this image

A
53
Q
A

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein

  • Functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as Atelectasis)
  • Constantly produced by Type II Cells
  • Cortisol stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition
  • Absence of surfactant in newborns is know as Hyaline Membrane Disease
54
Q

Air-Blood Barrier

A
  1. Cytoplasm of pneumocyte type I covered by surfactant
  2. Two fused basal laminae of alveolar epithelium and endothelium of capillary
  3. Endothelium
55
Q

What are the dust cells

A

Alveolar macrophages

56
Q

Mononuclear macrophages system

A
57
Q

Pulmonary blood supply:

A

Dual blood supply
pulmonary arteries (from right heart) unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle (low pressure)

PULMONARY VEINS return all blood(oxygenated)from the lung to heart (left atrium) – (low pressure)

bronchial arteries (from left heart, aorta, bronchoesophageal) – oxygenated blood to the large bronchi, the major pulmonary vessels, and the pulmonary lymph nodes (high pressure)

Lymphatic Vessels to Lymph nodes: drain towards hilum, none in alveolar walls

58
Q

Lungs

A

Covered by visceral pleural composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium

Interstitium: Connective tissue supports the bronchial tree and separates the lung into lobules.

59
Q

What are the thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum lined by

A

by the parietal pleura, composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as mesothelial cells.

Microanatomy (9 decks)

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