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Microanatomy > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A

-Protection
- Temperature regulation
- prevents water and electrolytes loss
- Energy storage
- Calcium Homeostasis
- Sensation
- Immune function

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2
Q

What are the components of the skin

A

Epidermis - stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Dermis - Papillary layer and reticular layer
Hypodermis - loose connective tissue that may be rich in adipocytes —- panniculus adipose

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3
Q

Characteristics of skin layer epidermis

A
  • Ectoderm derived
  • avascular
  • thick barrier
  • composed of epithelium
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4
Q

Characteristics of skin layer dermis

A

-**. more active part of the cell
- mesoderm derived
- contains blood vessels and nerves
- composed of connective tissue
- supports the epidermis

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5
Q

Thick skin

A

Epidermis
Hairless
contains merocrine sweat glands
Paws pads and muzzles

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6
Q

Thin Skin

A

Epidermis is thin
Contains hair follicles often with the arrector pili
sebaceous and sweat glands

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7
Q

Thin Skin

A

Epidermis is thin
Contains hair follicles often with the arrector pili
sebaceous and sweat glands

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8
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction

A

interface between the dermis and the epidermis

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9
Q

What are the epidermal pegs/ridges

A

Part of the dermo-epidermal junction
- Downward projections of the deep epidermis into the dermis

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10
Q

What are the dermal papillae

A

Part of the dermo-epidermal junction
- Upward projections of the superficial dermis
- increase the surafce area of the layers
- provides blood supply closer to the epithelium

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11
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

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12
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A

Loose connective tissue
Type 1 and 3 collagen
Mast cells and macrophages
Vessels and Nerves

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13
Q

Describe the Reticular layers

A

Dense irregular CT
Type 1 collagen
Elastic fibres
Blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

Cells of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Langerhans cells - immunity
Merkles cells - mechanoreception
Melanocytes

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15
Q

What are the non-kerainocytes

A

Langerhans cells - immunity Merkles cells - mechanoreception Melanocytes

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16
Q

Describe the layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum basale: active and alive
  2. Stratum spinosum: active and alive
  3. Stratum granulosum: non-active, alive
  4. Stratum lucidum (not always present): deceased
  5. Stratum corneum: very deceased

British & Spanish Grannies Lucidum Cornflacks

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17
Q

Desomosomes

A

bind neighbouring cells and connect intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Hemidesosomes

A

bind cells to the basement membrane or the basal lamina

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19
Q

Statum Basale

A

** ACTIVE and ALIVE
Deepest layer of the epidermis, located at the dermo-epidermal junction
- Single layer of cuboidal to columnar epithelium
- attached to the basal lamina via hemidesmosomes
- actively dividing
- Basal keratinocytes are functionally heterogenous. (stem cells or/and anchor the epidermis)
- may see melanocytes

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20
Q

Statum Spinosum

A

** ACTIVE AND ALIVE
- Cuboidal or slightly flattened
Thin skin: 1-2 cells-thick
Thick skin: many layers thic
- Increased number of tonofilaments and desmosomes give SPINY appearance
- Cells are cohesive and they resist abrasion
- Cells in this layer retain some capacity for the division if needed

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21
Q

What are tonofilaments

A

import of the intermediate filaments

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22
Q

Statum Granulosum

A

** NON- ACTIVE but ALIVE
- Layers that is 3-5 cells thick
- Cells begin to flatten
- Contain basophilic keratohyalin granules (bind with keratin filaments)
- Lamellar granules (not visible via light microscopy)– secreted by cells to form waterproof lipid sheets, “intercellular cement”

  • No mitotic activity, last living layer, nucleus and organelles soon to be lost
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23
Q

Where do Keratohyalin granules exist

A

primarily exist within the stratum granulosum

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24
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

** NOT ALWAYS PRESENT; DEAD
- Translucent layer
- Present in thick skin only
- Many keratin filaments, desmosomes present
- Cellular organelles are gone – cells are fully keratinized
- Cytoplasm contains eleidin

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25
Q

What is eleidin

A

Densely packed and held together by a derivate of keratohylain which acts as a barrier to water and gives rise to its transparent or lucid properties

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26
Q

Statum Corneum

A

** DECEASED
- outermost layer
- many layers thick, thickness varies by location
- cells consist entirely of KERATIN, a water-resistance protein
- no nuclei or organelle
- HORNY cells surrounded by a thicker plasma membrane coated by the exterior lipid matrix

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27
Q

Keratinization

A

process by which keratinocytes differentiate, about 21 days in length in the dog

28
Q

Cornification

A

Production of stratum corneum by terminal epidermal differentiation

formation of a dead cells (corneocytes) layer to create a physical barrier for the skin.

29
Q

Where do you find Langerhans cells

A

Located in the startum basal and the stratum spinosum

30
Q

Describe Langerhans cells

A

Endocrine Cells
- Stratum Basale and Spinosum
- Intra-epidermal (within the epidermis)

31
Q

What are Langerhan cells derived from?

A

Bone Marrow monocytes

32
Q

Langerhans cells role?

A

Immunity
- Antigen-presenting t-cells and mediator of tolerance

** not often seen with routine H&E

33
Q

Where are merkel cells located?

A

Stratum Basale of thick skin - connected to adjacent keratinocytes via desmosomes

34
Q

Merkle’s cells role?

A

Act as sensory mechanoreceptor for cutaneous sensation
Attract nerve ending and stimulate growth

  • Free nerve endings seen at the base of these cells
35
Q

Where are melanocytes presented?

A

Stratum Basale and originate from neural crest

36
Q

What are the roles of melanocytes pigments

A

migrates within cytoplasmic extensions and transferred to keratinocytes of stratum basale and spinosum
Protects cells from effects of UV radiation

** MUST HAVE TYROSINASE for proper function

37
Q

Melanin

A

Absorbs harmful UV-radiation
transforms the energy into harmless amounts of heat
keeps the generation of free radicals at a minimum

38
Q

What is a sensory nerve of the dermis

A

Nociceptors - free nerve ending that reach the stratum granulosum. Detect: pain, itch and temperature

Meissner’s corpuscles: light
pressure/touch

Pacinian corpuscle: deep pressure

Ruffini corpuscle: senses stretch

39
Q

Functions of hair and feathers

A

Insulation, camouflage, social display, sense/protect, sex recognition

40
Q

How is hair produced

A

a hair follicle

41
Q

Hair shaft

A

Above the surface of the skin

42
Q

Hair root

A

Within the follicle and ends with the bulb

43
Q

Components of the hair

A

Medulla - loose cuboidal cells with areas of air
Cortex - dense compact keratinized cells
cuticle - single layer of flat keratinized cells

44
Q

Describe the anatomy of a hair follicle

A

Invagination of the epidermis
the basement membrane is thickened (glassy)
the hair root is within the follicle and ends with a bulb

45
Q

Root Sheath of the hair follicle

A
  • External glassy membrane = basal lamina
  • External root sheath – continuous with epidermis
  • internal root sheath – a few layers of squamous cells
  • Cuticle – internal to internal root sheath; formed by overlapping keratinized cells but in the opposite direction from the hair cuticle
46
Q

Anagen

A

hair bulbs = mitotically active

47
Q

Catagen

A

Regressive stage when metabolic activity slows down and the base of the follicle migrates towards the surface

48
Q

Telogen

A

Resting phase when growth stops, and the base of the bulb is at the level of the sebaceous canal
- new hair grown beneath the telogen follicles and old hair shaft is shed

controlled by daylight, ambient temperature, nutrition, and hormones (estrogen, testosterone, adrenal steroids, and thyroid hormone)

49
Q

Primary Hair follicle

A

Large Diameter
Rooted dermis
Sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands
Primary or Hair guard

50
Q

Secondary Hair follicle

A
  • Smaller diameter
  • Rooted nearer the surface

+/-sebaceous gland; no sweat glands, no arrector pili
muscle

  • Secondary or under hairs
51
Q

Compound follicles

A

Clusters of hair follicles
The follicles merge at the level of the sebaceous gland and emerge though one external orifice

Usually one primary follicle and several secondary hair follicle

52
Q

Arrector Pilli

A

Smooth muscle attached to follicles of primary hair
Contraction of this muscle causes hair to stand up

** plays a role in insulation

53
Q

Sinus Hair Whiskers

A
  • Tactile hairs
  • Composed of a very large single follicle
  • Blood-filled sinus between inner and outer dermal root sheath
  • Attached to skeletal muscle to allow for voluntary movement
54
Q

Sebaceous gland

A
  • Located in the dermis
  • Produce sebum a mixture of lipid and cell debris
  • Holocrine secretion (secreted by rupture in the plasma membrane)
  • Antibacterial and waterproofing
  • Ducts empty into a follicle
  • Can be simple, branched or compound glands
55
Q

Uropygial/ Preen gland

A

Strongly developed in many water birds such as ducks

produces an oily, waxy substance that helps waterproof feathers and keep them flexible.

56
Q

Apocrine Sweat glands

A
  • Secret by apical budding/pinches
  • Epithelial cells have apical secretory caps (a)
  • Simple saccular or tubular glands with coiled secretory portion and straight duct with opens into the distal hair follicle.
  • Contractile myoepithelial cells (m) help express the product
  • In domestic animals, located throughout most of the skin.

-Function is mainly communication (attraction, marker).

57
Q

Merocrine Sweat glands

A
  • Merocrine – excrete via exocytosis
  • Open directly on to skin surface vs hair follicle * Minor in domestic animals
  • Thermoregulation and electrolyte balance; Secrete fluid onto skin surface when body temperature rises
58
Q

Desribe Hoove and Claws

A

Modification of skin, variation of the stratum corneum, underlain by highly vascular dermis,

Lack stratum granulsom and lucidum

59
Q

What is the purpose of the hoof

A

A highly specialized skin derivative that protects and encloses the end of the digit of an ungulate mammal

60
Q

Two main layers of the hoof

A

outer epidemis
the underlying dermis (corium)

61
Q

What are the layers of the Hoof Wall?

A

Stratum Ecternum
Stratum medium
Stratum Lamellatum/Internum
Laminar Corium

Everyone must like cornflakes

62
Q

Stratum Ecternum

A

External layer known as “glaze”
Continuation of perioplic epidermis

63
Q

Stratum medium

A

Main supportive layer
Tubular and intertubular horn produced by the stratum basle and spinosum of the epidermis of the coronary groove

64
Q

Stratum Ecternum

A

Lamellar horn (insensitive)

65
Q

Stratum Corium

A

Sensitive

Microanatomy (9 decks)

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