Endocrine Flashcards
What are the primary endocrine hormones
- Pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri)
- Pineal gland (Epiphysis cerebri)
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
What are the functions of the endocrine organ
Internal environment, Energy production,
storage, and utilization, Reproduction, Growth & development
What is the role of the hypothalamus
ventral pt. of the diencephalon
Integrates nervous system + endocrine system (neurosecretory neurons)
homeostasis
No BBB
What are the two parts of the pituitary?
Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis and Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary
Parsdistalis
Parsintermedia
Parstuberalis
What are the two parts of posterior pituitary
Infundibulum
Parsnervosa
Located ventral to hypothalamus (H), near optic chiasm (O)
Lies in hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica (ST)
Pituitary gland (P) = 2 parts
Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis (AP)
Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis (PP)
Anterior pituitary envelops posterior pituitary
Origin of the anterior pituitary
Epithelial from the roof of pharynx
Origin of the posterior pituitary
Neuroectordermal from dienchephalon
Pars distalis in H&E stain
Chromophils (stimulating horomones)
- Acidophils (PRL, GH) -
- Basophils (LH, FSH, ACTH and TSH)
Chromophobes (C)
Sinusoids
Adenohypophysis:
Pars distalis immunohistochemical stain for Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
cells in the anterior pituitary are difficult to differentiate based on H&E stains
Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains have
been developed to identify the cells
Antibodies attach to LH and then a secondary stain that is easy to visualize is applied
Neoplasia and research
Adenohypophysis: pars intermedia
Species differences in size
Lies between pars nervosa and pars distalis
Contains large pale cells produce large molecule proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
POMC cleaved into endorphins, melanotropins (parenchymal cell) and lipotropins
Hormones of Neurohypophysis: posterior pituitary
Stores hormones made in hypothalamus
for release directly into blood stream
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Neurohypophysis : pars nervosa
Unmyelinated nerve fibres (neurosecretory)
Herring bodies (H) store ADH and oxytocin
Pituicytes (Glial cells)
- Indistinct on H&E
- Provide support
Hormones of the hypothalamo- pituitary axis
Clusters of neurosecretory neurons (paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei) that monitor HOMEOSTASIS
RELEASING HORMONES
- GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, PRF
- ADH and OXYTOCIN
The pituitary gland secretes STIMULATING HORMONES
Pineal Gland
Pinealocytes secrete MELATONIN
* Blood vessels
*Neuroglial supporting cells
Responds to stimuli detected in the retina
Darkness stimulates pinealocyte secretion of MELATONIN –> circadian 24 hr rhythm
Reg. of rhythmic body activity
Seasonal reproduction
* Long day and short day breeders
Thyroid Gland
Regulated by TSH secretion
Follicles (Thyroid gland)
- Cuboidal follicular cells secrete THYROGLOBULIN
- Stored in follicle lumen (COLLOID) and combined with IODINE
- Cuboidal follicular cells convert colloid to active THYROXINE→ increases basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, gluconeogenesis
PARAFOLLICULAR ‘C’ cells (C)
Large pale, round
Secrete CALCITONIN (in response to
increased plasma calcium)
Decreases plasma calcium
Decreased osteoclast activity– > calcium stored in bone
Increased renal excretion
What thyroid follicle is less active?
Parathyroid Gland
CHIEF CELLS secrete PARATHORMONE (PTH) in response to decreased plasma calcium
PTH increases plasma calcium
- Stimulates osteoclasts –> bone resorption and calcium release
- Increases intestinal uptake
- Increases renal resorption
Adrenal glands
Cortex originates from mesoderm (3 ZONES)
Medulla originates from neural crest
- Modified neurons and secrete catchecolamines
Layers of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoid (ALDOSTERONE→
Na+/H2O resorption and K+secretion at distal convoluted tubule→increase blood pressure)
Zona Fasciculata
Glucocorticoid (CORTISOL→liver,
skeletal muscle, adipose, immune
cells)
Zona reticularis
Sex steroids (WEAK ANDROGENS→
male characteristics)
Adrenal Medulla
Large sympathetic ganglia cells
* Vascular sinusoids
Chromaffin (phaeochromocytes) cells secrete EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE
* Pale, foamy cells
(ADRENALINE and NORADRENALINE)
* Fight and flight response stimulate sympathetic nervous system
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhan
Alpha cells
- GLUCAGON
- Cholecystokinin
- Gastrointestinal peptide
Beta cells
- INSULIN
Delta cells
- Somatostatin
Enteroendocrine cells
Groups or individual hormone producing cells that act in the digestive system
Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
Gherelin
Known by many names previously
- Diffuse neuroendocrine cells
- Enterochromaffin cells
- Enterochromaffin-like cells
- Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells (APUD)
Heart as a secondary endocrine organ
Atrial myocardial cells Secrete Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
ANP promotes Na+ and water loss, decreases blood pressure
ANP Target: Distal convoluted tubules of kidneys
What are the two hormones produced by kidneys
Renin and Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
Controls erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)
-It is a cytokine for red blood cells precursors
Renin
- produced by juxtaglomerular cells
- Part of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Involved in control of blood pressure
