respiratory terms Flashcards
consists of the lungs and air passages. This system is responsible for taking on oxygen, a gas needed by all body cells and removing carbon dioxide, a gas that is metabolic waste product produced by the cells
respiratory system
has two openings, called nostrils or nares, through which air enters
nose
a wall of cartilage, that divides the nose into two hollow spaces
nasal septum
tiny, hair like structures that help move the mucous layer that lines the airways pushing trapped particles toward the esophagus, where they can be swallowed. The olfactory receptors for the sense of smell are also located in the nose
cilia
cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area. They are connected to the nasal cavity by short ducts. The sinuses are lined with a mucous membrane, which warms and moistens air. The sinuses also provide resonance for the voice.
sinuses
or throat lies directly behind the nasal cavities. As the air leaves the nose, it enters the pharynx is divided into three sections. The nasopharynx. The pharynx is divided into three sections.
pharynx
voice box, lies between the pharynx and trachea. It has nine layers of cartilage, contains 2 folds called vocal cords,
larynx
a special leaf like peice of cartilage closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing. This prevents food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract
epiglottis
( windpipe) is a tube extending from the larynx to the center of the chest
trachea
the trachea divides into two bronchi near the center of the chest, a right bronchus and left bronchus. The right is shorter, wider and extends more vertically than the left
branchi
smallest branches of the bronchus, the smallest bronchioles, called terminal bronchioles, end in air sacs, called aveoli
bronchioles
resemble a bunch of grapes. The adult lung contains approximately 500 million alveoli. They are made up of one layer of squamous epithelial tissue and contain a rich network of blood capillaries
atveoli
the bronchi and alveoli are found in the lungs. The right lung has 3 sections or lobes, the superior, middle and the inferior. The left lung has only two lobes. The superior and inferior. The left lung is smaller because the heart is located towards the left side of the chest.
lungs
is the process of breathing. Involves two phases’ inspiration and expiration.
ventilation
inhalation is the process of breathing in air. The diaphragm9dome-shaped) muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities and the intercostal muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cavity to create a vacuum
inspiration
air rushes in through the airways to the alveoli, where the exchange of gases takes place.
respiration
when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. air is forced out of the lungs and air passages the process of respiration is controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of the brain
expiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs, and bloodstream. Oxygen breathed in through the respiratory system, enters the alveoli
external prespiration
is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream. Oxygen is carried to the tissue cells by the blood
internal respiration
the cells use the oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
cellular respiration
a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, an animal, medications or food. Stress, Overexertion, and infection can also cause an asthma attack, during which bronchospasms narrow the openings of the bronchioles, mucus production increases and edema develops in the mucous lining
Asthma
an inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes, Acute bronchitis is very common and frequently develops from a cold or the flu. Caused by a viral infection. Symptoms include productive cough, dyspnea, rales, chest pain, and fever. Treatments include expectorants, non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs; decongestants cough suppressants, rest , and drinking large amounts of water
bronchitis
COPD is a term used to describe any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways and limitations of air flow. Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and tuberculosis lead to COPD. Smoking is the primary cause but allergies and chronic respiratory infections are also factors shortness of breathe, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough, and physical impairment, Treatment is cough medications, bronchodilators, oxygen, and pulmonary rehabilitation to optimize respiratory function
chronic obstruction pulmonary disease
a noninfectious, chronic respiratory condition that occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity, resulting in an abnormal and permanent enlargement of the airspace’s. Most common cause is heavy smoking and prolonged exposure to air pollutants. Symptoms include dyspnea, a felling of suffocation, pain, barrel chest, and chronic cough, and cyanosis, rapid respiration accompanied by prolonged expiration and eventual respiratory failure and death. There is no cure, treatment methods include bronchodilators inhaled, steroids, breathing exercises, prompt treatment of respiratory infections, oxygen therapy, respiratory therapy and avoidance of smoking
emphysema
a nosebleed occurs when capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed. Can be caused by injury or blow to the nose, hypertension, chronic infection, anticoagulant drugs, nose picking, dry or cold air, blood diseases such as hemophilia and leukemia, compressing the nostrils toward the septum, elevating the head and titling it slight forward with applying cold compress
epistaxis
is a highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory system. Onset is sudden, and symptoms include chills, fever. a cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, and fatigue. Treatment methods include bed rest, fluids, analgesics, antipyretics ( for fever) antiviral meds, should be started with onset of symptoms
influenza
an inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords. It can be caused by a viral infection, vocal cord strain, or Irritation. Symptoms include hoarseness or loss of voice, sore throat, and dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing) can’t be cured by antibiotics
laryngitis
leading cause of cancer death in both men and women, and is most common type of cancer worldwide. Main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco, through smoking or through exposure to “ second hand” smoke. Can be caused by asbestos and radiation from treatment other than cancer. Three common types of lung cancer include small cell, squamous cell, and adenocarcinoma. No symptoms in the early stages, in later stages symptoms include a chronic cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, fatigue, and weight loss and chest pain, the prognosis for lung cancer patients is poor because the disease is usually advance before it is diagnosed
lung cancer
inflammation of the pleura, or membranes of the lungs. The double membrane layers rub when inflamed, causing sharp stabbing pain while breathing. It usually occurs when inflammed, causing sharp stabbing pain while breathing. it usually occurs in conjunction with pneumonia or other lung infections and is usually viral. Symptoms include crepitation, dyspnea and fever, treatment is rest and medications to relieve the pain and inflammation
pleurisy
inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by exudate ( a buildup of fluid) in the alveoli. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or chemicals. if often mimics flu with symptoms being chills. fever, chest pain, productive cough, dyspnea, muscle pain and fatigue. Treatment includes bed rest, oxygen therapy, and or pain medication
pneumonia
a condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels. Two main types: obstructive sleep apnea which is caused by a blockage in the airway that occurs when the muscles that keep the airway open relax and allow the tongue and palate to block the airway. Central sleep apnea is caused by a blockage in the air passage that occurs when the muscles that keep the airway open relax and allow the tongue and palate to block the airway. This condition is more common in men. factors that can because this is obesity, hypertension, smoking, alcohol ingestion, and or the use of sedatives may increase the severity. Treatment involves abstaining from the use of alcohol, sedatives and smoking. If sleep apnea is diagnosed a sleep apnea machine may be required
sleep apnea
Tb is an infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. At times while blood cells surround the invading Tb organisms and wall them off, creating nodules, called tubercles, in the lungs. The condition can remain dormant but can cause an active case of TB later. Symptoms of an active case include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and hemoptysis and chest pain. Treatment can take one or more years to destroy the bacteria
tuberculosis
URI, common cold is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract, caused by viruses. URI’s are highly contagious,. Symptoms include fever, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, sore throat and hacking cough. No cure and can take one week to get over
upper respiratory
