digestive system Flashcards
an acute inflammation of the appendix, usually resulting from an obstruction and infection. Symptoms include generalized abdominal pain that later localizes at eh lower right quadrant, nausea and vomiting, mild fever and elevated white blood cell count. if the appendix ruptures, the infectious material will spill in to the peritoneal cavity and cause peritonitis, a serious condition. Treatment is appendectomy
appendicitis
an inflammation of the gallbladder. When gallstones from from crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments, the condition is known as choleithiasis. Symptoms frequently occur after eating fatty foods and include indigestion, nausea and vomiting, and pain that start under the rib cage and radiates to the right shoulder. If a gallstone blocks the bile ducts, the gallbladder can rapture and cause peritonitis. Gallbladder rupture is rare but life threatening. Treatment methods include a low fat diet, pain medications, lithotripsy and surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue. when the liver is injured it attempts to repair itself which creates scar tissue. if the damage is mild the liver can continue to function effectively. causes include hepatitis, bile duct disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver, chemicals toxins, and malnutrition associated with alcoholism. the liver is a vital organ with many functions. common symptoms are liver enlargement , anemia, indigestion, nausea, edema in the legs and feet, hematemsis, nosebleeds, jaundice, and ascites. when the liver fails disorientation, hallucinations, hepatic coma, and death occur
cirrhosis
gastropheal reflux disease- is a chronic disease of the digestive tract. it occurs when acid from the stomach flows back up into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. the reflux of acid into the esophagus causes irritation, inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus. symptoms are chest burning or pain, a sour taste in the mouth, daysphagia. risk factors are obesity pregnancy hiatal hernia and smoking
gerd
inflammation of the pancreas. pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas itself and the pancreas becomes necrotic, inflamed and edematous. if the damage extends to blood vessels in the pancreas, hemorrhage and shock occur. the most common cause of pancreatitis is gallstones blocking the pancreatic ducts. symptoms include severe abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and jaundice if swelling blocks the common bile duct. treatment depends on the cause. Cholecystectomy, removal of the gall bladder, is performed if gallstones are the cause
pancreatitis
a sever inflammation of the colon accompanied by the formation of ulcers and abscesses. cause if unknown. stress, genetics, and food allergies, or intolerance’s may aggravate the condition. main symptom is dirrhhea containing blood, pus, and mucus. other symptoms include weight loss, weakness, abdominal pain, anemia, and anorexia
ulcerative colitis
an inflammation of the diverticulitis, pouches or sacs that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle. when fecal material and bacteria become trapped in the diverticulitis, inflammation occurs, this can result in abscess or rupture leading to peritonitis . symptoms include abdominal pain, irregular bowel movements flatus gas constipation or diarrhea abdominal disrention low grade fever and nausea and vomitting treatment is antibiotics, stool softening medications, pain medications, probiotics, high fiber diet, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the affected section of the colon
diverticulitis
viral inflammation of the liver. Type A, HAV or infectious hepatitis, is highly contagious and is transmitted in food and water contaimated by the feces of an infected person. A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. Type B, or serum hepatitis if transmitted by body fluids including, serum, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. it can lead to chronic hepatitis or to cirrhosis of the liver. A vaccine developed to prevent hepatitis B is recommended for all health care workers. Type C. or HCV, is also spread through contact with blood or body fluids. the main methods of transmission include sharing needles while injecting drugs, getting stuck with a contaminated needle or sharps while on the job, or passing the virus from an infected mother to the infant during birth. hepatitis C. if you come in contact with an infected person and are contaminated you will need to have treatment with antiviral meds.
hepatitis
a long muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine large intestine and anus
alimentary canal
narrow canal where fecal material or stool the final waste product of the digestive process is expelled through this opening
anus
contains the ascending, transverse and descending sections that extends from the vermiform appendix to the rectum
colon
also known as the gastrointestinal system is responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food
digestive system
is the first nine to ten inches of the small intestine
duodenum
is the muscular tube dorsal to the trachea
esophagus
a small muscular sac located under the liver and attached to it by the connective tissue
gaallbladder
is the bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
hard palate
is the final 12 feet of the small intestine
ileum
is approximately eight feet in length and forms the middle section of the small intestine
jejunum
is the final section of the alimentary canal. it is approximately 5 foot long
large intestine
is the largest gland in the body and is an accessory organ to the digestive system
liver
buccal cavity where food enters the body and begins the digestive process
mouth
is a glandular organ located behind the stomach. produces enzymes to digest food
pancreas
the process of moving food in a forward direction thru the digestive system
peristalsis
when food is swallowed it enters this area the epiglottis closes to ensure the food enters the esophagus
pharynx
the final six to eight inches of the large intestine and is a storage area for indigestible and wastes
rectum
the patroid, sublingual, and submandibular that produce a liquid called saliva
salivary glands
when the food in the form of chime leaves the stomach it enters this area that Is 20 feet long
small intestine
this separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
soft palate
is an enlarged part of the alimentary canal that receives food from the esophagus
stomach
special structures in the mouth that physically break down food by chewing and grinding
teeth
muscular organ that contains special receptors called taste buds
tongue
a small projection in the small intestine
villus
finger like projections that line the walls of the small intestine
villi
