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Pathology > Respiratory Systen (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Respiratory Systen (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious Rhinitis is also known as…

A

viral rhinitis, COMMON COLD

UPPER TRACT INFECTION

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2
Q

What is the incubation period for infectious rhinitis?

A

2-3 days

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3
Q

Name 6 manifestations of viral rhinitis (11 total)

A

• sneezing
• nasal congestion
• nasal discharge
• sore throat
• nonproductive cough
• malaise
• myalgia
• low grade fever
• hoarseness
• headache
• chills

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4
Q

What is Rhinosinusitis?

A

inflammation of the sinus cavities

UPPER TRACT INFECTION

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5
Q

What are some causes of rhinosinusitis?

A

• viruses, bacteria, fungi
• EXUDATE COLLECTS AND BLOCKS SINUS CAVITIES

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6
Q

What are 4 manifestations of rhinosinusitis?

A

• FACIAL PAIN
• nasal congestion
• fever
• sore throat

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7
Q

What are some causes of epiglotitis?

A

LIFE THREATENING!!! UPPER TRACT INFECTION

• haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) (common in children)
• throat trauma

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8
Q

Name 5 manifestations of epiglotitis (10 total)

A

• DROOLING WITH MOUTH OPEN
• INSPIRATORY STRIDOR
• RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
• ASSUMING A SITTING POSITION
• fever
• sore throat
• difficulty swallowing
• central cyanosis
• anxiety
• pallor

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9
Q

What are some causes of laryngitis?

A

USUALLY SELF LIMITING, UPPER TRACT INFECTION

• infection
• increased upper respiratory exudate
• overuse

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10
Q

What are the 6 manifestations of laryngitis?

A

• hoarseness
• weak voice/voice loss
• tickling sensation in the throat
• sore throat
• dry cough
• difficulty breathing

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11
Q

What is another name for laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

croup

UPPER TRACT INFECTION

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12
Q

What are some causes of croup?

A

• common in children, usually by parainfluenza and adenoviruses
• LARYNX AND AREA SWELL, LEADING TO AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, NARROWING, AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE

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13
Q

Name 4 manifestations of croup (7 total)

A

• SEAL LIKE BARKING COUGH
• HOARSENESS
• INSPIRATORY STRIDOR
• DYSPNEA
• nasal congestion
• anxiety
• central cyanosis

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14
Q

What is Type A Influenza?

A

most severe and most common in the US

UPPER TRACT INFECTION

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15
Q

What is Type B influenza?

A

less severe

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16
Q

What is Type C Influenza?

A

usually causes small outbreaks

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17
Q

When is the flu season in the US, and how long is the incubation period?

A

October-March; 1-4 days

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18
Q

Name 4 manifestations of the flu (8 total)

A

• FEVER
• HEADACHE
• DRY COUGH
• MALAISE
• chills
• body aches
• nasal congestion
• sore throat

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19
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

LOWER TRACT INFECTION
inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi

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20
Q

What are some causes of acute bronchitis?

A

• viruses, bacteria
• irritant inhalation
• allergic reaction

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21
Q

Name 4 manifestations of acute bronchitis (7 total)

A

• productive and nonproductive cough
• dyspnea
• wheezing
• low grade fever
• pharyngitis
• malaise
• chest discomfort

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22
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

LOWER TRACT INFECTION

• common in children younger than 1 year and in winter, acute inflammation of the bronchioles, usually respiratory syncytial virus
• CAN LEAD TO ACTELASIS AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE

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23
Q

Name 5 manifestations of bronchiolitis (10 total)

A

• CHEST RETRACTIONS
• nasal drainage
• nasal congestion
• wheezing
• rapid and shallow respirations
• dyspnea
• fever
• tachycardia
• malaise

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24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

A

• Inflammation in the lungs —> damage to bronchial and alveolocapillary mucous membranes —> infectious debris and exudate

LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION

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25
Q

What is the most common route of lower respiratory infections?

A

aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions

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26
Q

What are some common causes of pneumonia?

A

• inhalation of microorganisms
• contaminated respiratory therapy equipment (endotracheal tubes)
• pneumococcus is the most common and lethal cause of pneumonia
• most common cause of viral CAP is the flu

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27
Q

What is viral pneumonia?

A

usually mild, can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia

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28
Q

What is bacterial pneumonia?

A

more common, most often due to streptococcus pneumonie

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29
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia?

A

aspirated fluid enters the lungs

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30
Q

What are 3 causes of aspiration pneumonia?

A

• impaired gag reflex
• improper lower esophageal sphincter closure
• inappropriate gastric tube placement

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31
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

confined to a single lobe

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32
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

most frequent type, patchy pneumonia across several lobes

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33
Q

What is interstitial (atypical) pneumonia?

A

occurs in area between alveoli, routinely caused by viruses and uncommon bacteria

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34
Q

What is nosocomial pneumonia?

A

develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission

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35
Q

What is ventilator-associated pneumonia?

A

occurs in those who have been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours

36
Q

Name 5 manifestations of pneumonia (10 total)

A

• MENTAL STATUS CHANGES ESPECIALLY IN ELDERLY
• productive or nonproductive cough
• fatigue
• pleuritic pain
• dyspnea
• fever
• chills
• crackles or rales
• pleural rub
• tachycardia

37
Q

What are some ways to prevent pneumonia?

A

• hand washing
• avoiding crowds
• vaccination
• turning
• coughing
• smoking cessation
• deep breathing

38
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

LOWER TRACT INFECTION

• bacillus, mycobacterium tuberculosis
• can spread to other organs (secondary infection!!, symptoms develop)
• carried AIRBORNE

39
Q

What occurs after PRIMARY infection of TB?

A
  1. macrophages engulf microbe, causing inflammatory response
  2. some bacilli travel to nodes, activating hypersensitivity IV reaction
  3. granuloma and tubercle forms
  4. caseous necrosis and ghon complexes develop
  5. can remain dormant and asymptomatic
40
Q

Name 5 manifestations of TB (9 total)

A

• productive cough
• hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
• night sweats
• fever
• chills
• fatigue
• unexplained weight loss
• anorexia
• symptoms dependent on other organs developed

41
Q

What are 5 things that asthma is characterized by?

A

• acute airway inflammation
• bronchoconstriction
• bronchospasm
• bronchiole edema
• mucus production

42
Q

What is extrinsic asthma?

A

presenting in childhood or adolescence

INCREASED IGE SYNTHESIS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, RESULTING IN MAST CELL DESTRUCTION AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR RELEASE

43
Q

What occurs after the inflammatory mediator release in extrinsic asthma?

A

causes bronchoconstriction, increased capillary permeability and mucus production

44
Q

What are common triggers for extrinsic asthma?

A

allergens like food, pollen/dust, meds

45
Q

What is intrinsic asthma?

A

nonallergic reaction that usually occurs past 35 years

46
Q

What are some common triggers for intrinsic asthma?

A

upper respiratory infections
air pollution
emotional stress
smoking
exercise
cold exposure

47
Q

What is nocturnal asthma?

A

usually occurs between 3:00-7:00 AM
MAY BE RELATED TO CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS!!
(cortisol and epinephrine levels decrease while histamine increases at night, causing bronchoconstriction)

48
Q

What is exercise-induced asthma?

A

usually occurs 10-15 minutes after activity, and symptoms can linger for an hour followed by refractory period
MAY BE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM TO WARM AND MOISTEN AIRWAYS

49
Q

What is occupational asthma?

A

caused by reactions from substances at work; symptoms develop and worsen over time and improve away from work

50
Q

What is drug-induced asthma?

A

potentially FATAL attack up to 12 hours post-ingestion

FREQUENTLY CAUSED BY ASPIRIN, WHICH PREVENTS PROSTAGLANDIN CONVERSION WHICH STIMULATES LEUKOTRIENES, A BRONCHOCONSTRICTOR

51
Q

What is Stage 1 asthma and what are the inflammatory mediators?

A

peaks within 15-30 minutes; coughing (related to bronchspasms)
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INCLUDE LEUKOTRIENES, HISTAMINE, INTERLEUKINS

52
Q

What is Stage 2 asthma, and what causes the narrow airways?

A

peaks within 6 hours; airway edema and mucus production, alveolar hyperinflation causes AIR TRAPPING
NARROW AIRWAYS CAUSED BY BRONCHOSPASM, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION, INFLAMMATION AND MUCUS PRODUCTION

53
Q

Name 4 manifestations of asthma (7 total)

A

• wheezing
• shortness of breath
• dyspnea
• chest tightness
• cough
• anxiety
• tachypnea

54
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

an often fatal, prolonged asthma attack unresponsive to usual treatment

CAN LEAD TO RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS AND FAILURE

55
Q

What are some causes of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A

smoking
pollution
chemical irritants
genetic mutation

OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC AND MASKED BY SMOKING

56
Q

What is COPD?

A

chronic disorders characterized by irreversible and progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction

often one disease or a mix of two (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)

57
Q

COPD can also lead to…

A

cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure caused by high BP in lungs)

58
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, AND excessive mucus production

59
Q

Name 6 manifestations of chronic bronchitis (13 total)

A

• hypoventilation
• hypoxemia (low O2 in blood)
• cyanosis
• hypercapnia
• polycythemia (elevated hemoglobin in blood)
• clubbed fingers
• dyspnea at rest
• wheezing
• edema
• weight gain
• malaise
• chest pain
• fever

60
Q

What is emphysema?

A

destruction of alveolar walls leading to large, permanently inflated alveoli; loss of elastic recoil and hyperinflation of alveoli leads to air trapping

61
Q

What are causes of emphysema?

A

genetic predisposition and smoking

62
Q

Name 6 manifestations of emphysema (11 total)

A

• BARREL CHEST (1:1)
• dyspnea upon exertion
• diminished breath sounds
• wheezing
• chest tightness
• tachypnea
• hypoxia
• hypercapnia (high CO2)
• activity intolerance
• anorexia
• malaise

63
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

life threatening condition resulting in severe lung damage and nutrient deficits caused by autosomal recessive disorder on 7th chromosome, leading to abnormality in protein involved in chloride cellular transport

64
Q

What cells does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

cells that produce mucus, saliva and digestive secretions (SECRETIONS BECOME THICK)

65
Q

Name 5 manifestations of cystic fibrosis (10 total)

A

• meconium ileus (small intestine blockage)
• salty skin
• steatorrhea (oily smelly shits that float)
• fat soluble vitamin deficiency
• chronic cough
• hypoxia
• fatigue
• activity intolerance
• audible rhonchi
• delayed growth and development

66
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

2nd most common, yet the most fatal
SMOKING, SMALL CELL CARCINOMA

67
Q

What is non-small cell (bronchogenic) carcinoma and what are the 3 subgroups?

A

MOST COMMON MALIGNANT LUNG CANCER, VERY AGGRESSIVE

SUBGROUPS: SQUAMOUS CELL, ADENOCARCINOMA, BRONCHOALVEOLAR

68
Q

Name 5 manifestations of lung cancer (10 total)

A

• persistent cough or change in usual cough
• dyspnea
• hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
• frequent respiratory infections
• chest pain
• hoarseness
• weight loss
• anemia
• fatigue
• other symptoms specific to site of metastasis

69
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

excess fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing; pleurisy

70
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

inflammation of the pleural membranes

71
Q

Name 4 manifestations of pleural effusion (7 total)

A

• dyspnea
• chest pain
• tachypnea
• tracheal deviation
• absent lung sounds and dullness over affected area
• tachycardia
• pleural friction rub

72
Q

What is pneumothorax and what are some risk factors?

A

air in the pleural cavity which can cause lung to collapse

SMOKING, TALL STATURE, HISTORY

73
Q

What is spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

air enters from opening in internal airways, primary and secondary

74
Q

What is primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

occurs when a small air blister (bleb, caused by weakness in lung tissue) on top of lung ruptures

75
Q

What is secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

more severe and life threatening, develops in those with history

76
Q

What is traumatic pneumothorax?

A

result of a blunt or penetrating injury to chest

77
Q

What is tension pneumothorax?

A

most serious type, lung collapses due to air trapped in pleural space
OCCURS WHEN PRESSURE IN PLEURAL SPACE IS GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

78
Q

Name 6 manifestations of pneumothorax (11 total)

A

• SUDDEN CHEST PAIN
• DECREASED BREATH SOUNDS OVER AFFECTED AREA
• ASYMMETRICAL CHEST MOVEMENT
• TRACHEA AND MEDIASTINUM DEVIATION
• ANXIETY

• chest tightness
• dyspnea
• tachypnea
• tachycardia
• pallor
• hypotension

79
Q

What causes pulmonary embolism?

A

thrombus (blood clot) and fat

80
Q

What 4 things can pulmonary embolism cause?

A

• embolus with infarction (death of lung tissue)
• embolus without infarction
• massive occlusion (blocks major part of circulation)
• multiple pulmonary emboli

81
Q

What is atelectasis and what are some causes?

A

alveoli collapse; surfactant deficiency, bronchus obstruction, lung tissue compression, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis

82
Q

Name 4 manifestations of atelectasis (8 total)

A

• diminished breath sounds
• dyspnea
• tachypnea
• asymmetrical lung movement
• anxiety
• restlessness
• tracheal deviation
• tachycardia

83
Q

What is acute respiratory failure?

A

life threatening inability of the lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation

84
Q

Name 6 manifestations of acute respiratory failure

A

• shallow respirations
• headache
• tachycardia
• dysrhythmias
• lethargy
• confusion

85
Q

What is COVID-19 and what is the incubation period?

A

caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; 5.2 days, symptoms develop 11.5-15.5 days

86
Q

What cells does COVID-19 invade?

A

lung cells, myocytes, vascular endothelial cells that results in inflammation

LUNG INJURY PATHOGENESIS
HYPOXIA RELATED MYOCYTE INJURY
INCREASED DAMAGE TO MYOCARDIAL CELLS

87
Q

How does COVID-19 affect cardiovascular system?

A

thrombi
muscle inflammation
arrhythmias
heart failure
acute coronary syndrome

Pathology (10 decks)

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