Respiratory Systen (Exam 2) Flashcards
Infectious Rhinitis is also known as…
viral rhinitis, COMMON COLD
UPPER TRACT INFECTION
What is the incubation period for infectious rhinitis?
2-3 days
Name 6 manifestations of viral rhinitis (11 total)
• sneezing
• nasal congestion
• nasal discharge
• sore throat
• nonproductive cough
• malaise
• myalgia
• low grade fever
• hoarseness
• headache
• chills
What is Rhinosinusitis?
inflammation of the sinus cavities
UPPER TRACT INFECTION
What are some causes of rhinosinusitis?
• viruses, bacteria, fungi
• EXUDATE COLLECTS AND BLOCKS SINUS CAVITIES
What are 4 manifestations of rhinosinusitis?
• FACIAL PAIN
• nasal congestion
• fever
• sore throat
What are some causes of epiglotitis?
LIFE THREATENING!!! UPPER TRACT INFECTION
• haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) (common in children)
• throat trauma
Name 5 manifestations of epiglotitis (10 total)
• DROOLING WITH MOUTH OPEN
• INSPIRATORY STRIDOR
• RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
• ASSUMING A SITTING POSITION
• fever
• sore throat
• difficulty swallowing
• central cyanosis
• anxiety
• pallor
What are some causes of laryngitis?
USUALLY SELF LIMITING, UPPER TRACT INFECTION
• infection
• increased upper respiratory exudate
• overuse
What are the 6 manifestations of laryngitis?
• hoarseness
• weak voice/voice loss
• tickling sensation in the throat
• sore throat
• dry cough
• difficulty breathing
What is another name for laryngotracheobronchitis?
croup
UPPER TRACT INFECTION
What are some causes of croup?
• common in children, usually by parainfluenza and adenoviruses
• LARYNX AND AREA SWELL, LEADING TO AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, NARROWING, AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Name 4 manifestations of croup (7 total)
• SEAL LIKE BARKING COUGH
• HOARSENESS
• INSPIRATORY STRIDOR
• DYSPNEA
• nasal congestion
• anxiety
• central cyanosis
What is Type A Influenza?
most severe and most common in the US
UPPER TRACT INFECTION
What is Type B influenza?
less severe
What is Type C Influenza?
usually causes small outbreaks
When is the flu season in the US, and how long is the incubation period?
October-March; 1-4 days
Name 4 manifestations of the flu (8 total)
• FEVER
• HEADACHE
• DRY COUGH
• MALAISE
• chills
• body aches
• nasal congestion
• sore throat
What is acute bronchitis?
LOWER TRACT INFECTION
inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi
What are some causes of acute bronchitis?
• viruses, bacteria
• irritant inhalation
• allergic reaction
Name 4 manifestations of acute bronchitis (7 total)
• productive and nonproductive cough
• dyspnea
• wheezing
• low grade fever
• pharyngitis
• malaise
• chest discomfort
What is bronchiolitis?
LOWER TRACT INFECTION
• common in children younger than 1 year and in winter, acute inflammation of the bronchioles, usually respiratory syncytial virus
• CAN LEAD TO ACTELASIS AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Name 5 manifestations of bronchiolitis (10 total)
• CHEST RETRACTIONS
• nasal drainage
• nasal congestion
• wheezing
• rapid and shallow respirations
• dyspnea
• fever
• tachycardia
• malaise
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
• Inflammation in the lungs —> damage to bronchial and alveolocapillary mucous membranes —> infectious debris and exudate
LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
What is the most common route of lower respiratory infections?
aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions
What are some common causes of pneumonia?
• inhalation of microorganisms
• contaminated respiratory therapy equipment (endotracheal tubes)
• pneumococcus is the most common and lethal cause of pneumonia
• most common cause of viral CAP is the flu
What is viral pneumonia?
usually mild, can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia
What is bacterial pneumonia?
more common, most often due to streptococcus pneumonie
What is aspiration pneumonia?
aspirated fluid enters the lungs
What are 3 causes of aspiration pneumonia?
• impaired gag reflex
• improper lower esophageal sphincter closure
• inappropriate gastric tube placement
What is lobar pneumonia?
confined to a single lobe
What is bronchopneumonia?
most frequent type, patchy pneumonia across several lobes
What is interstitial (atypical) pneumonia?
occurs in area between alveoli, routinely caused by viruses and uncommon bacteria
What is nosocomial pneumonia?
develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission
What is ventilator-associated pneumonia?
occurs in those who have been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours
Name 5 manifestations of pneumonia (10 total)
• MENTAL STATUS CHANGES ESPECIALLY IN ELDERLY
• productive or nonproductive cough
• fatigue
• pleuritic pain
• dyspnea
• fever
• chills
• crackles or rales
• pleural rub
• tachycardia
What are some ways to prevent pneumonia?
• hand washing
• avoiding crowds
• vaccination
• turning
• coughing
• smoking cessation
• deep breathing
What is TB caused by?
LOWER TRACT INFECTION
• bacillus, mycobacterium tuberculosis
• can spread to other organs (secondary infection!!, symptoms develop)
• carried AIRBORNE
What occurs after PRIMARY infection of TB?
- macrophages engulf microbe, causing inflammatory response
- some bacilli travel to nodes, activating hypersensitivity IV reaction
- granuloma and tubercle forms
- caseous necrosis and ghon complexes develop
- can remain dormant and asymptomatic
Name 5 manifestations of TB (9 total)
• productive cough
• hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
• night sweats
• fever
• chills
• fatigue
• unexplained weight loss
• anorexia
• symptoms dependent on other organs developed
What are 5 things that asthma is characterized by?
• acute airway inflammation
• bronchoconstriction
• bronchospasm
• bronchiole edema
• mucus production
What is extrinsic asthma?
presenting in childhood or adolescence
INCREASED IGE SYNTHESIS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, RESULTING IN MAST CELL DESTRUCTION AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR RELEASE
What occurs after the inflammatory mediator release in extrinsic asthma?
causes bronchoconstriction, increased capillary permeability and mucus production
What are common triggers for extrinsic asthma?
allergens like food, pollen/dust, meds
What is intrinsic asthma?
nonallergic reaction that usually occurs past 35 years
What are some common triggers for intrinsic asthma?
upper respiratory infections
air pollution
emotional stress
smoking
exercise
cold exposure
What is nocturnal asthma?
usually occurs between 3:00-7:00 AM
MAY BE RELATED TO CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS!!
(cortisol and epinephrine levels decrease while histamine increases at night, causing bronchoconstriction)
What is exercise-induced asthma?
usually occurs 10-15 minutes after activity, and symptoms can linger for an hour followed by refractory period
MAY BE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM TO WARM AND MOISTEN AIRWAYS
What is occupational asthma?
caused by reactions from substances at work; symptoms develop and worsen over time and improve away from work
What is drug-induced asthma?
potentially FATAL attack up to 12 hours post-ingestion
FREQUENTLY CAUSED BY ASPIRIN, WHICH PREVENTS PROSTAGLANDIN CONVERSION WHICH STIMULATES LEUKOTRIENES, A BRONCHOCONSTRICTOR
What is Stage 1 asthma and what are the inflammatory mediators?
peaks within 15-30 minutes; coughing (related to bronchspasms)
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INCLUDE LEUKOTRIENES, HISTAMINE, INTERLEUKINS
What is Stage 2 asthma, and what causes the narrow airways?
peaks within 6 hours; airway edema and mucus production, alveolar hyperinflation causes AIR TRAPPING
NARROW AIRWAYS CAUSED BY BRONCHOSPASM, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION, INFLAMMATION AND MUCUS PRODUCTION
Name 4 manifestations of asthma (7 total)
• wheezing
• shortness of breath
• dyspnea
• chest tightness
• cough
• anxiety
• tachypnea
What is status asthmaticus?
an often fatal, prolonged asthma attack unresponsive to usual treatment
CAN LEAD TO RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS AND FAILURE
What are some causes of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
smoking
pollution
chemical irritants
genetic mutation
OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC AND MASKED BY SMOKING
What is COPD?
chronic disorders characterized by irreversible and progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction
often one disease or a mix of two (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
COPD can also lead to…
cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure caused by high BP in lungs)
What is chronic bronchitis?
inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, AND excessive mucus production
Name 6 manifestations of chronic bronchitis (13 total)
• hypoventilation
• hypoxemia (low O2 in blood)
• cyanosis
• hypercapnia
• polycythemia (elevated hemoglobin in blood)
• clubbed fingers
• dyspnea at rest
• wheezing
• edema
• weight gain
• malaise
• chest pain
• fever
What is emphysema?
destruction of alveolar walls leading to large, permanently inflated alveoli; loss of elastic recoil and hyperinflation of alveoli leads to air trapping
What are causes of emphysema?
genetic predisposition and smoking
Name 6 manifestations of emphysema (11 total)
• BARREL CHEST (1:1)
• dyspnea upon exertion
• diminished breath sounds
• wheezing
• chest tightness
• tachypnea
• hypoxia
• hypercapnia (high CO2)
• activity intolerance
• anorexia
• malaise
What is cystic fibrosis?
life threatening condition resulting in severe lung damage and nutrient deficits caused by autosomal recessive disorder on 7th chromosome, leading to abnormality in protein involved in chloride cellular transport
What cells does cystic fibrosis affect?
cells that produce mucus, saliva and digestive secretions (SECRETIONS BECOME THICK)
Name 5 manifestations of cystic fibrosis (10 total)
• meconium ileus (small intestine blockage)
• salty skin
• steatorrhea (oily smelly shits that float)
• fat soluble vitamin deficiency
• chronic cough
• hypoxia
• fatigue
• activity intolerance
• audible rhonchi
• delayed growth and development
What is lung cancer?
2nd most common, yet the most fatal
SMOKING, SMALL CELL CARCINOMA
What is non-small cell (bronchogenic) carcinoma and what are the 3 subgroups?
MOST COMMON MALIGNANT LUNG CANCER, VERY AGGRESSIVE
SUBGROUPS: SQUAMOUS CELL, ADENOCARCINOMA, BRONCHOALVEOLAR
Name 5 manifestations of lung cancer (10 total)
• persistent cough or change in usual cough
• dyspnea
• hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
• frequent respiratory infections
• chest pain
• hoarseness
• weight loss
• anemia
• fatigue
• other symptoms specific to site of metastasis
What is pleural effusion?
excess fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing; pleurisy
What is pleurisy?
inflammation of the pleural membranes
Name 4 manifestations of pleural effusion (7 total)
• dyspnea
• chest pain
• tachypnea
• tracheal deviation
• absent lung sounds and dullness over affected area
• tachycardia
• pleural friction rub
What is pneumothorax and what are some risk factors?
air in the pleural cavity which can cause lung to collapse
SMOKING, TALL STATURE, HISTORY
What is spontaneous pneumothorax?
air enters from opening in internal airways, primary and secondary
What is primary spontaneous pneumothorax?
occurs when a small air blister (bleb, caused by weakness in lung tissue) on top of lung ruptures
What is secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?
more severe and life threatening, develops in those with history
What is traumatic pneumothorax?
result of a blunt or penetrating injury to chest
What is tension pneumothorax?
most serious type, lung collapses due to air trapped in pleural space
OCCURS WHEN PRESSURE IN PLEURAL SPACE IS GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Name 6 manifestations of pneumothorax (11 total)
• SUDDEN CHEST PAIN
• DECREASED BREATH SOUNDS OVER AFFECTED AREA
• ASYMMETRICAL CHEST MOVEMENT
• TRACHEA AND MEDIASTINUM DEVIATION
• ANXIETY
• chest tightness
• dyspnea
• tachypnea
• tachycardia
• pallor
• hypotension
What causes pulmonary embolism?
thrombus (blood clot) and fat
What 4 things can pulmonary embolism cause?
• embolus with infarction (death of lung tissue)
• embolus without infarction
• massive occlusion (blocks major part of circulation)
• multiple pulmonary emboli
What is atelectasis and what are some causes?
alveoli collapse; surfactant deficiency, bronchus obstruction, lung tissue compression, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis
Name 4 manifestations of atelectasis (8 total)
• diminished breath sounds
• dyspnea
• tachypnea
• asymmetrical lung movement
• anxiety
• restlessness
• tracheal deviation
• tachycardia
What is acute respiratory failure?
life threatening inability of the lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation
Name 6 manifestations of acute respiratory failure
• shallow respirations
• headache
• tachycardia
• dysrhythmias
• lethargy
• confusion
What is COVID-19 and what is the incubation period?
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; 5.2 days, symptoms develop 11.5-15.5 days
What cells does COVID-19 invade?
lung cells, myocytes, vascular endothelial cells that results in inflammation
LUNG INJURY PATHOGENESIS
HYPOXIA RELATED MYOCYTE INJURY
INCREASED DAMAGE TO MYOCARDIAL CELLS
How does COVID-19 affect cardiovascular system?
thrombi
muscle inflammation
arrhythmias
heart failure
acute coronary syndrome
