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Pathology > GU (Exam 3) > Flashcards

GU (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

loss of urinary control

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2
Q

Enuresis

A

involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age

causes may be psychological and structural, but usually resolves with or without treatment

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3
Q

Nocturnal Enuresis

A

bed wetting

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4
Q

Stress Incontinence

A

loss of urine from pressure exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy

occurs when sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened

pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, cystocele, prostate removal, obesity, chronic coughing are contributing factors

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5
Q

Overactive bladder (Urge Incontinence)

A

sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine

CAUSES: UTIs, bladder irritants, bowel conditions, smoking, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, injury, nervous system damage

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6
Q

Reflex Incontinence

A

urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to nervous system; urgency is generally absent

detrusor hyperreflexia

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7
Q

Detrusor hyperreflexia

A

increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void

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8
Q

Mixed Incontinence

A

occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence is experienced

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9
Q

Overflow Incontinence

A

inability to empty the bladder or retention; dribbling urine and a weak urine stream

CAUSES: bladder damage, urethral blockage, nerve damage, prostate conditions

chronic overdistention occurs because of a perceived inability to interrupt work to void that results in detrusor muscle areflexia and overflow incontinence

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10
Q

Functional Incontinence

A

occurs in many older adults who have a physical or mental impairment that prevents toileting in time

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11
Q

Transient Incontinence

A

urinary incontinence resulting from a temporary condition

CAUSES: delirium, infection, atrophic vaginitis, certain meds (diuretics, sedatives), psychological factors, high urine output, restricted mobility, fecal impaction, alcohol, caffeine

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12
Q

Gross Total Incontinence

A

a continuous leaking of urine, day and night, or the periodic uncontrollable leaking of large volumes of urine; the bladder has no storage capacity!!

CAUSES: anatomic defects, spinal cord/urinary system injury, fistulas between bladder and adjacent structure like vagina

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13
Q

Risk Factors for Incontinence

A

female
advancing age
overweight
smoking
renal disease

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14
Q

Complications for Incontinence

A

skin breakdown
recurrent UTIs
negative psychological consequences
interruption of usual activities

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15
Q

Neurogenic Bladder

A

bladder dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation

MANIFESTATIONS ARE SYMPTOMS OF AN OVERACTIVE/UNDERACTIVE BLADDER

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16
Q

Neurogenic Bladder Causes

A

brain/spinal cord injury
nervous system tumors
brain/spinal cord infections
dementia
Parkinson’s
spina bifida
diabetes mellitus
stroke
meds
vaginal childbirth
MS
chronic alcoholism
lupus
heavy metal poisoning
herpes zoster

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17
Q

Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

A

chronic bladder condition more common in women and aging people that causes pain and pressure in suprapubic, pelvic, and abdominal area

EXACT CAUSE UNKNOWN!!

5% experience symptoms for 2+ yrs and below 5% develop end stage disease where bladder hardens, capacity is low and pain worsens

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18
Q

Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Manifestations

A

pain in urinary tract (often worse with pressure)
frequency and nocturia
urgency (often constant worsened by stress)
sexual dysfunction

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19
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTIs)

A

among the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice, most commonly an ascending infection

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20
Q

Risk Factors for UTIs

A

female genitalia
sexually active (multiple partners increases risk)
use of diaphragm with spermicide
history of diabetes
recent instrumentation (catheters)
structural abnormalities
improper personal hygiene
immobility

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21
Q

Upper UTIS

A

pyelonephritis (acute and chronic)

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22
Q

Lower UTIs

A

cystitis and urethritis

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23
Q

Cystitis

A

infections in the bladder where the bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen; bacteria ascend to the bladder via urethra and possibly further up to kidneys (E. Coli 75-95%)

CAUSES: infection and irritants

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24
Q

Lower UTI Symptoms

A

burning on urination
urgency
dysuria
frequency
low back pain
foul smelling urine
cloudy urine (pyuria)
hematuria
fever (occasionally)

Sx MAY DIFFER WITH AGE AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION; ELDERLY = CONFUSION

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25
Q

Upper UTI Symptoms (up to kidneys)

A

flank pain
fever
nausea
vomiting
increased BP
may have symptoms of cystitis

Sx MAY DIFFER WITH AGE AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION; ELDERLY = CONFUSION

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26
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

acute/chronic infection that has reached one or both kidneys

kidneys become edematous and fill with exudate, compressing renal artery and potentially developing abscesses or necrosis

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27
Q

Pyelonephritis Complications and Manifestations

A

C: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, sepsis
M: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, increased BP

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28
Q

Renal and Urinary Calculi

A

hard crystals composed of minerals that kidneys normally excrete in renal pelvis, ureters or bladder; more common in men and whites

MOST FREQUENT TYPE CONTAIN CA WITH EITHER OXALATE OR PHOSPHATE

other types are struvite/infection stones, uric acid stones, cystine stones

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29
Q

Risk Factors of Renal Calculi

A

pH changes
excessive concentration of insoluble salts in urine
urinary stasis
family history
obesity
hypertension
diet

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30
Q

Calcium oxalate

A

most common (70%) stone; hypercalciuria and family history

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31
Q

Calcium phosphate

A

alkaline urine, hyperparathyroidism

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32
Q

Struvite

A

UTIs, proteus organisms

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33
Q

Uric acid and Cystine

A

gout; highly acidic urine

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34
Q

Renal Calculi Manifestations

A

colicky pain in flank area that radiates to lower abdomen and groin
bloody, cloudy or foul smelling urine
dysuria
frequency
genital discharge
nausea
vomiting
fever
chills

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35
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys

UNILATERAL= OBSTRUCTION ONE OR MORE URETERS
BILATERAL= OBSTRUCTION IN THE URETHRA

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36
Q

Causes/Complications of Hydronephrosis

A

CAUSES: urolithiasis, tumors, BPH, strictures, stenosis, congenital urologic defects

C: atrophy, necrosis, glomerular filtration cessation

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37
Q

Hydronephrosis Manifestations

A

colicky
flank pain/pressure
bloody, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine
dysuria
decreased urine output
frequency
urgency
nausea and vomiting
abdominal distention
UTIs

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38
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults; metastasis to liver, lungs, bone or nervous system is common!

RISK FACTORS: male, smoking, obesity, HTN, other kidney disease

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39
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma Mainfestations

A

asymptomatic in early stages
painless hematuria
abnormal urine color
dull and achy flank pain
urinary retention
palpable mass over affected kidney
unexplained weight loss
anemia
polycythemia
hypertension
paraneoplastic syndromes
fever

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40
Q

Bladder Cancer

A

metastasis is common to pelvic lymph nodes, liver and bone; recurrence in about 40% of cases

MANIFESTATIONS: painless hematuria, abnormal urine color, frequency, dysuria, UTIs, back/abdominal pain

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41
Q

Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer

A

advancing age
men
white
working with chemicals
smoking
excessive use of analgesics
experiencing recurrent UTIs
long-term catheter placement
chemo
radiation

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42
Q

Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

a common, nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland that occurs as men age; exact cause unknown but may result in urinary stasis and UTIs

as prostate expands, it presses against urethra and obstructs urine flow

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43
Q

Prostatic Hyperplasia Possible Causes

A

declining testosterone and increasing estrogen levels are though to cause prostatic stromal cel proliferation, enlarging the prostate

OR stem cells in prostate do not mature and die as programmed, enlarging the prostate

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44
Q

Manifestations of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

frequency
urgency
retention
difficulty initiating urination
weak urinary stream
dribbling urine
nocturia
bladder distention
overflow incontinence
ED

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45
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue

exact trigger unknown, and prognosis and progression vary depending on type

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46
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease Age-Related Manifestations

A

hematuria, nocturia, drowsiness

NEONATES: potter facies, large and symmetrical masses on flank, respiratory distress

ADULTS: hypertension, abdominal girth, swelling and tenderness/lumbar pain, enlarged and palpable kidneys

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47
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease Complications

A

pyelonephritis
cyst rupture
retroperitoneal bleeding
renal failure
anemia
hypertension
renal calculi

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

acute/chronic bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection; LEADING CAUSE OF RENAL FAILURE AND AFFECTS MEN MORE

inflammatory changes impair the kidneys ability to excrete waste and excess fluid

nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are most prevalent forms

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49
Q

Glomerular Diseases: Nephrotic Syndrome

A

results from antibody-antigen complexes lodging in the glomerular membrane, triggering activation of the complement system; DONT PROPERLY FILTER ALBUMIN

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50
Q

Causes/Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome

A

CAUSES: systemic diseases, gold therapy, idiopathic

C: risk for infection and atherosclerosis

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51
Q

Manifestations of Nephrotic Syndrome

A

increased glomerular capillary permeability leading to marked proteinuria, lipiduria, hypoalbuminemia, anasarca

dark and cloudy urine
immunoglobulins in urine

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52
Q

Glomerular Diseases: Nephritic Syndrome

A

inflammatory injury to glomeruli that can occur because of antibodies interacting with normally occurring antigens in glomeruli; DONT FILTER RBCs

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53
Q

Causes/Complications of Nephritic Syndrome

A

CAUSES: diseases that initiate the inflammatory response

C: impaired renal function

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54
Q

Manifestations of Nephritic Syndrome

A

gross hematuria
urinary casts and leukocytes
low GFR
azotemia (increased BUN and Cr)
oliguria
high BP

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55
Q

Acute Kidney Injury

A

sudden loss of renal function (often critically ill patients) generally reversible

RISK FACTORS: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, liver disease

asymptomatic
oliguric
diuretics
recovery

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56
Q

Prerenal Conditions (Acute Kidney Injury)

A

extremely low BP or blood volume; CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION

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57
Q

Intrarenal Conditions (Acute Kidney Injury)

A

reduced blood supply in kidneys, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal inflammation, toxic injury

58
Q

Postrenal Conditions (Acute Kidney Injury)

A

ureter obstruction, bladder obstruction/dysfunction

59
Q

Oliguric phase

A

DAILY URINE OUTPUT <400 mL

electrolyte disturbances, fluid volume excess, azotemia, metabolic acidosis

60
Q

Diuretic phase

A

DAILY URINE OUTPUT >5 L

electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, hypotension

61
Q

Recovery phase

A

glomerular function gradually returns to normal

62
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease Causes

A

gradual loss of renal function that is IRREVERSIBLE

diabetes mellitus
hypertension
urine obstructions
renal diseases
renal artery stenosis
ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic meds
sickle cell
lupus
smoking
advancing age

63
Q

Stage 1 Chronic Kidney Disease

A

kidney damage present but GFR is >90

64
Q

Stage 2 Chronic Kidney Disease

A

kidney damage worsens as GFR falls (60-89)

65
Q

Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease

A

kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is between 30-59

66
Q

Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease

A

kidney function is barely present with GFR dropping between 15-29

67
Q

Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease

A

END-STAGE kidney failure as GFR drops to less than 15 or patient begins dialysis/renal transplant

kidneys aren’t able to excrete metabolic wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance adequately

68
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease Manifestations

A

hypertension
polyuria with pale urine (EARLY)
oliguria or anuria with dark-colored urine (LATE)
anemia
bruising and bleeding tendencies
muscle twitches and cramps
electrolyte imbalances
pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pleuritis, pleural effusion
congestive heart failure
respiratory distress and abnormal breath sounds
sudden weight change
edema of feet and ankles
azotemia (elevated urea levels in urine)
peripheral neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, seizures
nausea and vomiting
anorexia
malaise
fatigue and weakness
headaches that seem unrelated to other causes
sleep disturbances
decreased mental alertness
flank pain
jaundice
persistent pruritis
recurrent infections

69
Q

Epispadias (Congenital Disorder)

A

urethral meatus occurs on dorsal surface of penis and may extend the entire length; can also affect women, placing meatus in the clit

MORE LIKELY to cause urination problems in men and sexual dissatisfaction in women, both genders at INCREASED RISK FOR UTI

usually develops first month of gestation, urinary defects often also present

MEN ARENT INFERTILE BUT MAY NOT PROPEL SEMEN WELL DURING NUT

70
Q

Hypospadias

A

urethral meatus located on the ventral surface of penis and extending the length of it

doesn’t usually affect females but can be cause of gender ambiguity

71
Q

Chordee (Hypospadias)

A

downward curvature of penis

72
Q

Causes/Risk Factors of Hypospadias

A

CAUSES: unknown but a combo of environmental exposure and genetic vulnerability plays a role

RISK FACTORS: maternal factors like age >35 years, obesity, fertility treatments, hormone therapy

73
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

one/both testes do not descend from abdomen to scrotum

retractile and ascending testicle

74
Q

Retractile Testicle

A

moves back and forth between scrotum and lower abdomen

75
Q

Ascending Testicle

A

testicle returns to lower abdomen, cannot easily be returned to scrotum

76
Q

Risk Factors of Cryptorchidism

A

prematurity
low birth weight
small size for gestational age
family history of problems of genital development
multiple fetuses
maternal estrogen exposure during first trimester
maternal alcohol use during pregnancy
maternal cigarette or secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy
maternal diabetes
parental exposure to pesticides

77
Q

Hydrocele

A

fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord; can affect one or both testes and is usually painless

CAUSES: congenital defect, inflammation, infection, trauma, tumors

78
Q

Spermatocele

A

sperm-containing cyst that develops between the testes and epididymis; UNKNOWN CAUSE but may be a blockage of duct system, infection, inflammation or trauma

MANIFESTATIONS: painless, small, moveable cyst that may transilluminate

79
Q

Varicocele

A

dilated vein in spermatic cord that results from valve issues that allow blood to pool in veins; more common in left due to anatomic factors

MOST COMMON for low sperm counts and decreased sperm quality due to testicular ischemia

80
Q

Varicocele Causes/Manifestations

A

C: congenital defects and obstructions

M: ”bag of worms” feeling to scrotum and scrotal heaviness, may be painful and may experience fertility issues

81
Q

Testicular Torsion

A

abnormal rotation of the testes on spermatic cord leading to ischemia and necrosis; IMMEDIATE TREATMENT NEEDED; caused by trauma but can also occur spontaneously

M: sudden scrotal edema and pain, n/v, dizziness, absent cremasteric reflex on affected side

82
Q

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

A

muscles, ligaments, and fascia normally support the bladder, uterus, and rectum in female pelvis; examples are cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse

these can weaken with age, childbirth, trauma, and hormonal changes during menopause and can cause organs to shift out of normal position

83
Q

Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Cystocele/Urethrocele)

A

bladder protrudes into anterior wall of vagina

84
Q

Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Cystocele/Urethrocele) Causes/Complications

A

CAUSES: weakened pelvic support resulting from excessive straining (childbirth, chronic constipation, heavy lifting)

C: recurrent cystitis

85
Q

Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Cystocele/Urethrocele) Manifestations

A

may be asymptomatic

visualization of the bladder from vaginal opening
feeling of fullness in pelvis or vagina
stress incontinence
retention
frequency
urgency
pain/urine leaking during sex

86
Q

Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Rectocele)

A

rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of vagina

CAUSES ARE CONDITIONS THAT STRAIN THE FASCIA AND MENOPAUSE

87
Q

Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Rectocele) Manifestations

A

asymptomatic and painless

visualization of the rectum from the vaginal opening
feelings of fullness in pelvis or vagina
difficulty defecating
rectal pressure
bowel incontinence

88
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrium grows in areas outside the uterus; most commonly grows in fallopian tubes, ovaries and peritoneum but tissue can grow anywhere in body

the abnormal endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would during menstruation; BLOOD BECOMES TRAPPED AND IRRITATES SURROUNDING TISSUE

89
Q

Endometriosis: Theories of Etiology

A
  1. menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through fallopian tubes, takes root and grows OR bloodstream carries endometrial cells to other sites
  2. a predisposition may be carried genetically
  3. inappropriate immune response
  4. certain cells (responsible for embryonic reproductive development) retain their ability to become endometrial cells with genetic/environmental influences later in life
90
Q

Endometriosis Complications

A

pain
cysts
scarring
adhesions
infertility

91
Q

Endometriosis Manifestations

A

dysmenorrhea
menorrhagia
pelvic pain
dyschezia (difficulty shitting)
infertility
intermenstrual bleeding
pain during or after intercourse

92
Q

Ovarian Cysts

A

benign fluid filled sacs on ovary, often formed in ovulation process and may rupture; PCOS

complications are rare but included hemorrhaging, peritonitis, infertility, amenorrhea

93
Q

Ovarian Cysts Manifestations

A

may be asymptomatic

abdominal pain or discomfort
abnormal menstrual bleeding
abdominal distention

94
Q

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A

ovary enlarges and contains numerous cysts; exact cause unknown but linked to hormone abnormalities

M: infertility (anovulation), amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, male-pattern baldness

INCREASES RISK FOR OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER

95
Q

Benign Breast Masses

A

numerous benign nodules in the breast and more frequent during childbearing years (firm, moveable masses more prominent and painful during menstruation)

fibrocystic masses may become more prominent and painful during menstruation because of hormone fluctuations (60% of women)

96
Q

Contributing Factors/Manifestations Benign Breast Masses

A

C: family history, high-fat diet, excessive caffeine intake

M: dense, irregular, and bumpy breast tissue, dull and heavy breast pain or tenderness, feeling of breast fullness, occasional nonbloody nipple discharge

97
Q

Prostatitis

A

inflammation of prostate that can be acute or chronic; most common in young and middle aged men, immunocompromised patients, those with a history of STIs

CAUSES: CONDITIONS THAT TRIGGER INFLAMMATORY PROCESS

98
Q

Prostatitis Manifestations

A

dysuria
difficulty urinating
frequency
urgency
nocturia
pain in abdomen, groin, lower back, perineum or genitalia
painful nuts
indications of infection
recurrent UTIs

99
Q

Epididymitis Causes/Complications

A

CAUSES: ascending bacterial infections or STIs

C: abscesses, fistulas, infertility, testicular necrosis, chronic epididymitis

100
Q

Epididymitis Risk Factors

A

uncircumcised
recent surgery
structural problems in urinary tract
urinary catherterization
unprotected sex with multiple partners

101
Q

Epididymitis Manifestations

A

indicators of infection (fever, chills, myalgia)
scrotal tenderness
erythema
edema
penile discharge
bloody semen
painful ejaculation
dysuria
groin pain

102
Q

Candidiasis

A

yeast infection caused by Candida albicans (opportunistic infection that arise anywhere in the body)

not sexually transmitted but men may develop mild symptoms after having sex with infected partner; symptoms in males usually resolve w/o treatment

COMMON CAUSE OF VAGINITIS (PART OF NORMAL FLORA BUT IMBALANCE OCCURS WITH pH CHANGES)

103
Q

Candidiasis Manifestations

A

thick, white vaginal discharge that resembles cottage cheese
vulvular erythema and edema
vaginal and labial itching and burning
white patches on vaginal wall
dysuria
painful sex

104
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

infection of the female reproductive system; bacteria usually ascend from vagina and can be either acute or chronic

105
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes

A

STIs
bacteria introduced during childbirth
endometrial procedures
abortions
bacterial invasion from bloodstream

106
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Complications

A

reproductive structure obstructions
peritonitis
abscesses
septicemia
adhesions
strictures
chronic pelvic pain
ectopic pregnancies
infertility

107
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Manifestations

A

indications of infection
pain/tenderness in pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back
abnormal vaginal and cervical discharge
bleeding after sex
painful sex
urinary frequency
dysuria
dysmenorrhea
amenorrhea
AUB (abnormal uterine bleeding)
anorexia
nausea and vomiting

108
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

A

infections that can be contracted through sex; more than 30 different sexually transmissible bacteria, viruses and parasites (protozoans); CHLAMYDIA, GONORRHEA, SYPHILIS

some can be transmitted from mother to child and childbirth through blood contact

some can be easily eradicated with treatments, others last forever

109
Q

Chlamydia (Bacterial)

A

most common and rates increasing
transmitted through sex and mother to child during childbirth
INCREASES RISK FOR CONTRACTING STIs

110
Q

Chlamydia Complications

A

neonatal conjunctivitis
PID
epididymitis
prostatitis
infertility
ectopic pregnancy

111
Q

Chlamydia Manifestations

A

dysuria
purulent penile, vaginal or rectal discharge
testicular tenderness or pain
rectal pain
painful sex

112
Q

Gonorrhea (Bacterial)

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an aerobic bacteria with many drug-resistant strains
rates have started to increase, second most common STI
transmission through sex and mother to child during childbirth

113
Q

Gonorrhea Complications

A

neonatal conjunctivitis
PID
epididymitis
prostatitis
infertility
ectopic pregnancy
arthritis
dermatitis
endocarditis

114
Q

Gonorrhea Manifestations

A

dysuria
urinary frequency/urgency
penile, vaginal or rectal discharge
redness/edema at urinary meatus (men)
testicular tenderness/pair
rectal pain
painful sex
sore throat
white blisters that darken and disappear

115
Q

Syphilis (Bacterial)

A

ulcerative infection caused by treponema pallidum, a sphirochete that requires a warm and moist environment to live
transmitted from skin to mucous membrane contact with chancres and from mother to child through placenta

occurs in several stages with long asymptomatic periods between each one; prevalence rates have remained constant for 50 yrs

116
Q

Genital Herpes (Viral)

A

herpes simplex virus (HSV); transmitted through sex, direct skin to skin contact, and mother to fetus and risk of transmission is greatest when lesions are present; rate have been rising for 50 yrs and are highest in women and AAs

CONTRACTING DURING PREGNANCY GREATEST RISK TO FETUS

INCREASED RISK FOR OTHER STIs

117
Q

HSV Type 1

A

occurs above waist as a cold sore; CAN AFFECT MOUTH OR GENITALS THROUGH ORAL-GENITAL CONTACT

recurrent episodes of lesions

118
Q

HSV Type 2

A

occurs below the waist; CAN AFFECT MOUTH OR GENITALS THROUGH ORAL-GENITAL CONTACT

recurrent episodes of lesions

119
Q

HSV Complications

A

spontaneous abortions
encephalitis
brain damage

120
Q

HSV Pathogenesis

A

virus causes an initial infection at entry site and then travels along dermatome to the nerve root where it remains protected and dormant until next outbreak which occurs at same site

121
Q

HSV Outbreaks

A

begin with a tingling or burning sensation at site before lesions appear (prodrome)

lesions first appear as a vesicle surrounded by erythema
vesicles rupture leaving a painful ulcerative lesion with watery exudate
crust forms over ulcer and heals in 3-4 weeks

122
Q

Trichomoniasis (Protozoan)

A

caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (parasite), a one celled anaerobic that can burrows under mucosal lining; CANNOT SURVIVE IN MOUTH OR RECTUM

transmission occurs through sex and prolonged moisture exposure

Men: organism resides in urethra and causes no symptoms
Women: organism resides in vagina and becomes symptomatic when microbial imbalance occurs

123
Q

Trichomoniasis Complications

A

infertility
PID
prostatitis
epididymitis
cervical cancer

124
Q

Trichomoniasis Manifestations

A

excessive odorous, frothy, white or yellow green vaginal discharge
vagina and vulva irritation
itching
painful sex
dysuria

125
Q

Cancer with high rate of treatment success

A

testicular cancer

126
Q

Cancer with high mortality rates

A

ovarian cancer

127
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

most common cancer in men, particularly AAs and second leading cause of cancer deaths
slow growing tumor with unknown cause; as it grows it obstructs urethra

128
Q

Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

A

history of STIs
family history
high-fat diets
androgen hormone replacement
smoking

129
Q

Prostate Cancer Manifestations

A

urinary difficulties
ED
bloody semen
hematuria

130
Q

Testicular Cancer

A

uncommon but curable most common in 15-35 and white men, affecting one or both nuts; metastasis occurs to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bone and brain

slow growing (seminoma) or fast growing (nonseminoma)

RISK FACTORS: OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC OR A HARD PAINLESS AND PALPABLE MASS THAT DOESNT TRANSILLUMINATE; testicular discomfort or pain, enlargement of testicle and gynecomastia

131
Q

Breast Cancer

A

most common malignancy in women, second leading cause of cancer death in women (white women highest rates)

MOST ARE ESTROGEN DEPENDENT AND ORIGINATE IN DUCT SYSTEM MAY ARISE IN LOBULES (early, the tumor is freely moving, tumor becomes fixed as cancer progresses)

metastasis can occur to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, brain, bone and liver

132
Q

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

A

age
early onset of menstruation
family history
genetic predisposition (BRCA 1 and 2)
obesity
chest wall radiation
excessive alcohol consumption
exogenous estrogen exposure

133
Q

Breast Cancer Manifestations

A

asymptomatic OR mass in breast/axillary that is hard, has uneven edges and painless

change in size, shape or feel of breast or nipple
nipple drainage that may be bloody, clear to yellow, green or purulent

134
Q

Cervical Cancer

A

rates have been declining with screening advancements; almost all caused by HPV

HPV VACCINE; PAP SMEAR DETECTION

135
Q

Cervical Cancer Manifestations

A

asymptomatic OR continuous vaginal discharge

abnormal bleeding between menstruation, after sex or after menopause

136
Q

Endometrial Cancer

A

uterus; exact cause unknown; fourth most frequent cancer in women, eighth leading cause of cancer death (white women highest prevalence)

RISK FACTORS: excessive estrogen exposure, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension

137
Q

Endometrial Cancer Manifestations

A

abnormal painless vaginal bleeding
nonbloody vaginal discharge
pelvic pain
weight loss
palpable abdominal mass
pain during sex

138
Q

Ovarian Cancer

A

ninth most frequent cancer in women and fifth leading cause of cancer death (white women highest prevalence, OFTEN METASTASIZED AT DIAGNOSIS)

139
Q

Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

A

genetic predisposition (BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)
advancing age
infertility
excessive estrogen exposure
obesity
androgen hormone therapy

140
Q

Ovarian Cancer Manifestations

A

abdominal distention
pelvic pain
eating disturbances
bowel pattern changes
GI discomfort
pain during sex
malaise
urinary frequency
menstruation changes

141
Q

Candidiasis Causes

A

antibiotic therapy
bubble baths
feminine products
decreased immune response
increased glucose in vaginal secretions

Pathology (10 decks)

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