GU (Exam 3) Flashcards
Urinary incontinence
loss of urinary control
Enuresis
involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age
causes may be psychological and structural, but usually resolves with or without treatment
Nocturnal Enuresis
bed wetting
Stress Incontinence
loss of urine from pressure exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy
occurs when sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened
pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, cystocele, prostate removal, obesity, chronic coughing are contributing factors
Overactive bladder (Urge Incontinence)
sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine
CAUSES: UTIs, bladder irritants, bowel conditions, smoking, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, injury, nervous system damage
Reflex Incontinence
urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to nervous system; urgency is generally absent
detrusor hyperreflexia
Detrusor hyperreflexia
increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void
Mixed Incontinence
occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence is experienced
Overflow Incontinence
inability to empty the bladder or retention; dribbling urine and a weak urine stream
CAUSES: bladder damage, urethral blockage, nerve damage, prostate conditions
chronic overdistention occurs because of a perceived inability to interrupt work to void that results in detrusor muscle areflexia and overflow incontinence
Functional Incontinence
occurs in many older adults who have a physical or mental impairment that prevents toileting in time
Transient Incontinence
urinary incontinence resulting from a temporary condition
CAUSES: delirium, infection, atrophic vaginitis, certain meds (diuretics, sedatives), psychological factors, high urine output, restricted mobility, fecal impaction, alcohol, caffeine
Gross Total Incontinence
a continuous leaking of urine, day and night, or the periodic uncontrollable leaking of large volumes of urine; the bladder has no storage capacity!!
CAUSES: anatomic defects, spinal cord/urinary system injury, fistulas between bladder and adjacent structure like vagina
Risk Factors for Incontinence
female
advancing age
overweight
smoking
renal disease
Complications for Incontinence
skin breakdown
recurrent UTIs
negative psychological consequences
interruption of usual activities
Neurogenic Bladder
bladder dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation
MANIFESTATIONS ARE SYMPTOMS OF AN OVERACTIVE/UNDERACTIVE BLADDER
Neurogenic Bladder Causes
brain/spinal cord injury
nervous system tumors
brain/spinal cord infections
dementia
Parkinson’s
spina bifida
diabetes mellitus
stroke
meds
vaginal childbirth
MS
chronic alcoholism
lupus
heavy metal poisoning
herpes zoster
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
chronic bladder condition more common in women and aging people that causes pain and pressure in suprapubic, pelvic, and abdominal area
EXACT CAUSE UNKNOWN!!
5% experience symptoms for 2+ yrs and below 5% develop end stage disease where bladder hardens, capacity is low and pain worsens
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Manifestations
pain in urinary tract (often worse with pressure)
frequency and nocturia
urgency (often constant worsened by stress)
sexual dysfunction
Urinary Tract Infection (UTIs)
among the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice, most commonly an ascending infection
Risk Factors for UTIs
female genitalia
sexually active (multiple partners increases risk)
use of diaphragm with spermicide
history of diabetes
recent instrumentation (catheters)
structural abnormalities
improper personal hygiene
immobility
Upper UTIS
pyelonephritis (acute and chronic)
Lower UTIs
cystitis and urethritis
Cystitis
infections in the bladder where the bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen; bacteria ascend to the bladder via urethra and possibly further up to kidneys (E. Coli 75-95%)
CAUSES: infection and irritants
Lower UTI Symptoms
burning on urination
urgency
dysuria
frequency
low back pain
foul smelling urine
cloudy urine (pyuria)
hematuria
fever (occasionally)
Sx MAY DIFFER WITH AGE AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION; ELDERLY = CONFUSION
Upper UTI Symptoms (up to kidneys)
flank pain
fever
nausea
vomiting
increased BP
may have symptoms of cystitis
Sx MAY DIFFER WITH AGE AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION; ELDERLY = CONFUSION
Pyelonephritis
acute/chronic infection that has reached one or both kidneys
kidneys become edematous and fill with exudate, compressing renal artery and potentially developing abscesses or necrosis
Pyelonephritis Complications and Manifestations
C: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, sepsis
M: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, increased BP
Renal and Urinary Calculi
hard crystals composed of minerals that kidneys normally excrete in renal pelvis, ureters or bladder; more common in men and whites
MOST FREQUENT TYPE CONTAIN CA WITH EITHER OXALATE OR PHOSPHATE
other types are struvite/infection stones, uric acid stones, cystine stones
Risk Factors of Renal Calculi
pH changes
excessive concentration of insoluble salts in urine
urinary stasis
family history
obesity
hypertension
diet
Calcium oxalate
most common (70%) stone; hypercalciuria and family history
Calcium phosphate
alkaline urine, hyperparathyroidism
Struvite
UTIs, proteus organisms
Uric acid and Cystine
gout; highly acidic urine
Renal Calculi Manifestations
colicky pain in flank area that radiates to lower abdomen and groin
bloody, cloudy or foul smelling urine
dysuria
frequency
genital discharge
nausea
vomiting
fever
chills
Hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys
UNILATERAL= OBSTRUCTION ONE OR MORE URETERS
BILATERAL= OBSTRUCTION IN THE URETHRA
Causes/Complications of Hydronephrosis
CAUSES: urolithiasis, tumors, BPH, strictures, stenosis, congenital urologic defects
C: atrophy, necrosis, glomerular filtration cessation
Hydronephrosis Manifestations
colicky
flank pain/pressure
bloody, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine
dysuria
decreased urine output
frequency
urgency
nausea and vomiting
abdominal distention
UTIs
Renal Cell Carcinoma
most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults; metastasis to liver, lungs, bone or nervous system is common!
RISK FACTORS: male, smoking, obesity, HTN, other kidney disease
Renal Cell Carcinoma Mainfestations
asymptomatic in early stages
painless hematuria
abnormal urine color
dull and achy flank pain
urinary retention
palpable mass over affected kidney
unexplained weight loss
anemia
polycythemia
hypertension
paraneoplastic syndromes
fever
Bladder Cancer
metastasis is common to pelvic lymph nodes, liver and bone; recurrence in about 40% of cases
MANIFESTATIONS: painless hematuria, abnormal urine color, frequency, dysuria, UTIs, back/abdominal pain
Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer
advancing age
men
white
working with chemicals
smoking
excessive use of analgesics
experiencing recurrent UTIs
long-term catheter placement
chemo
radiation
Prostatic Hyperplasia
a common, nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland that occurs as men age; exact cause unknown but may result in urinary stasis and UTIs
as prostate expands, it presses against urethra and obstructs urine flow
Prostatic Hyperplasia Possible Causes
declining testosterone and increasing estrogen levels are though to cause prostatic stromal cel proliferation, enlarging the prostate
OR stem cells in prostate do not mature and die as programmed, enlarging the prostate
Manifestations of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
frequency
urgency
retention
difficulty initiating urination
weak urinary stream
dribbling urine
nocturia
bladder distention
overflow incontinence
ED
Polycystic Kidney Disease
inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue
exact trigger unknown, and prognosis and progression vary depending on type
Polycystic Kidney Disease Age-Related Manifestations
hematuria, nocturia, drowsiness
NEONATES: potter facies, large and symmetrical masses on flank, respiratory distress
ADULTS: hypertension, abdominal girth, swelling and tenderness/lumbar pain, enlarged and palpable kidneys
Polycystic Kidney Disease Complications
pyelonephritis
cyst rupture
retroperitoneal bleeding
renal failure
anemia
hypertension
renal calculi
Glomerulonephritis
acute/chronic bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection; LEADING CAUSE OF RENAL FAILURE AND AFFECTS MEN MORE
inflammatory changes impair the kidneys ability to excrete waste and excess fluid
nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are most prevalent forms
Glomerular Diseases: Nephrotic Syndrome
results from antibody-antigen complexes lodging in the glomerular membrane, triggering activation of the complement system; DONT PROPERLY FILTER ALBUMIN
Causes/Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome
CAUSES: systemic diseases, gold therapy, idiopathic
C: risk for infection and atherosclerosis
Manifestations of Nephrotic Syndrome
increased glomerular capillary permeability leading to marked proteinuria, lipiduria, hypoalbuminemia, anasarca
dark and cloudy urine
immunoglobulins in urine
Glomerular Diseases: Nephritic Syndrome
inflammatory injury to glomeruli that can occur because of antibodies interacting with normally occurring antigens in glomeruli; DONT FILTER RBCs
Causes/Complications of Nephritic Syndrome
CAUSES: diseases that initiate the inflammatory response
C: impaired renal function
Manifestations of Nephritic Syndrome
gross hematuria
urinary casts and leukocytes
low GFR
azotemia (increased BUN and Cr)
oliguria
high BP
Acute Kidney Injury
sudden loss of renal function (often critically ill patients) generally reversible
RISK FACTORS: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, liver disease
asymptomatic
oliguric
diuretics
recovery
Prerenal Conditions (Acute Kidney Injury)
extremely low BP or blood volume; CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION
Intrarenal Conditions (Acute Kidney Injury)
reduced blood supply in kidneys, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal inflammation, toxic injury
Postrenal Conditions (Acute Kidney Injury)
ureter obstruction, bladder obstruction/dysfunction
Oliguric phase
DAILY URINE OUTPUT <400 mL
electrolyte disturbances, fluid volume excess, azotemia, metabolic acidosis
Diuretic phase
DAILY URINE OUTPUT >5 L
electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, hypotension
Recovery phase
glomerular function gradually returns to normal
Chronic Kidney Disease Causes
gradual loss of renal function that is IRREVERSIBLE
diabetes mellitus
hypertension
urine obstructions
renal diseases
renal artery stenosis
ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic meds
sickle cell
lupus
smoking
advancing age
Stage 1 Chronic Kidney Disease
kidney damage present but GFR is >90
Stage 2 Chronic Kidney Disease
kidney damage worsens as GFR falls (60-89)
Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease
kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is between 30-59
Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease
kidney function is barely present with GFR dropping between 15-29
Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease
END-STAGE kidney failure as GFR drops to less than 15 or patient begins dialysis/renal transplant
kidneys aren’t able to excrete metabolic wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance adequately
Chronic Kidney Disease Manifestations
hypertension
polyuria with pale urine (EARLY)
oliguria or anuria with dark-colored urine (LATE)
anemia
bruising and bleeding tendencies
muscle twitches and cramps
electrolyte imbalances
pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pleuritis, pleural effusion
congestive heart failure
respiratory distress and abnormal breath sounds
sudden weight change
edema of feet and ankles
azotemia (elevated urea levels in urine)
peripheral neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, seizures
nausea and vomiting
anorexia
malaise
fatigue and weakness
headaches that seem unrelated to other causes
sleep disturbances
decreased mental alertness
flank pain
jaundice
persistent pruritis
recurrent infections
Epispadias (Congenital Disorder)
urethral meatus occurs on dorsal surface of penis and may extend the entire length; can also affect women, placing meatus in the clit
MORE LIKELY to cause urination problems in men and sexual dissatisfaction in women, both genders at INCREASED RISK FOR UTI
usually develops first month of gestation, urinary defects often also present
MEN ARENT INFERTILE BUT MAY NOT PROPEL SEMEN WELL DURING NUT
Hypospadias
urethral meatus located on the ventral surface of penis and extending the length of it
doesn’t usually affect females but can be cause of gender ambiguity
Chordee (Hypospadias)
downward curvature of penis
Causes/Risk Factors of Hypospadias
CAUSES: unknown but a combo of environmental exposure and genetic vulnerability plays a role
RISK FACTORS: maternal factors like age >35 years, obesity, fertility treatments, hormone therapy
Cryptorchidism
one/both testes do not descend from abdomen to scrotum
retractile and ascending testicle
Retractile Testicle
moves back and forth between scrotum and lower abdomen
Ascending Testicle
testicle returns to lower abdomen, cannot easily be returned to scrotum
Risk Factors of Cryptorchidism
prematurity
low birth weight
small size for gestational age
family history of problems of genital development
multiple fetuses
maternal estrogen exposure during first trimester
maternal alcohol use during pregnancy
maternal cigarette or secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy
maternal diabetes
parental exposure to pesticides
Hydrocele
fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord; can affect one or both testes and is usually painless
CAUSES: congenital defect, inflammation, infection, trauma, tumors
Spermatocele
sperm-containing cyst that develops between the testes and epididymis; UNKNOWN CAUSE but may be a blockage of duct system, infection, inflammation or trauma
MANIFESTATIONS: painless, small, moveable cyst that may transilluminate
Varicocele
dilated vein in spermatic cord that results from valve issues that allow blood to pool in veins; more common in left due to anatomic factors
MOST COMMON for low sperm counts and decreased sperm quality due to testicular ischemia
Varicocele Causes/Manifestations
C: congenital defects and obstructions
M: ”bag of worms” feeling to scrotum and scrotal heaviness, may be painful and may experience fertility issues
Testicular Torsion
abnormal rotation of the testes on spermatic cord leading to ischemia and necrosis; IMMEDIATE TREATMENT NEEDED; caused by trauma but can also occur spontaneously
M: sudden scrotal edema and pain, n/v, dizziness, absent cremasteric reflex on affected side
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
muscles, ligaments, and fascia normally support the bladder, uterus, and rectum in female pelvis; examples are cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse
these can weaken with age, childbirth, trauma, and hormonal changes during menopause and can cause organs to shift out of normal position
Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Cystocele/Urethrocele)
bladder protrudes into anterior wall of vagina
Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Cystocele/Urethrocele) Causes/Complications
CAUSES: weakened pelvic support resulting from excessive straining (childbirth, chronic constipation, heavy lifting)
C: recurrent cystitis
Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Cystocele/Urethrocele) Manifestations
may be asymptomatic
visualization of the bladder from vaginal opening
feeling of fullness in pelvis or vagina
stress incontinence
retention
frequency
urgency
pain/urine leaking during sex
Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Rectocele)
rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of vagina
CAUSES ARE CONDITIONS THAT STRAIN THE FASCIA AND MENOPAUSE
Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Rectocele) Manifestations
asymptomatic and painless
visualization of the rectum from the vaginal opening
feelings of fullness in pelvis or vagina
difficulty defecating
rectal pressure
bowel incontinence
Endometriosis
endometrium grows in areas outside the uterus; most commonly grows in fallopian tubes, ovaries and peritoneum but tissue can grow anywhere in body
the abnormal endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would during menstruation; BLOOD BECOMES TRAPPED AND IRRITATES SURROUNDING TISSUE
Endometriosis: Theories of Etiology
- menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through fallopian tubes, takes root and grows OR bloodstream carries endometrial cells to other sites
- a predisposition may be carried genetically
- inappropriate immune response
- certain cells (responsible for embryonic reproductive development) retain their ability to become endometrial cells with genetic/environmental influences later in life
Endometriosis Complications
pain
cysts
scarring
adhesions
infertility
Endometriosis Manifestations
dysmenorrhea
menorrhagia
pelvic pain
dyschezia (difficulty shitting)
infertility
intermenstrual bleeding
pain during or after intercourse
Ovarian Cysts
benign fluid filled sacs on ovary, often formed in ovulation process and may rupture; PCOS
complications are rare but included hemorrhaging, peritonitis, infertility, amenorrhea
Ovarian Cysts Manifestations
may be asymptomatic
abdominal pain or discomfort
abnormal menstrual bleeding
abdominal distention
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
ovary enlarges and contains numerous cysts; exact cause unknown but linked to hormone abnormalities
M: infertility (anovulation), amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, male-pattern baldness
INCREASES RISK FOR OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER
Benign Breast Masses
numerous benign nodules in the breast and more frequent during childbearing years (firm, moveable masses more prominent and painful during menstruation)
fibrocystic masses may become more prominent and painful during menstruation because of hormone fluctuations (60% of women)
Contributing Factors/Manifestations Benign Breast Masses
C: family history, high-fat diet, excessive caffeine intake
M: dense, irregular, and bumpy breast tissue, dull and heavy breast pain or tenderness, feeling of breast fullness, occasional nonbloody nipple discharge
Prostatitis
inflammation of prostate that can be acute or chronic; most common in young and middle aged men, immunocompromised patients, those with a history of STIs
CAUSES: CONDITIONS THAT TRIGGER INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
Prostatitis Manifestations
dysuria
difficulty urinating
frequency
urgency
nocturia
pain in abdomen, groin, lower back, perineum or genitalia
painful nuts
indications of infection
recurrent UTIs
Epididymitis Causes/Complications
CAUSES: ascending bacterial infections or STIs
C: abscesses, fistulas, infertility, testicular necrosis, chronic epididymitis
Epididymitis Risk Factors
uncircumcised
recent surgery
structural problems in urinary tract
urinary catherterization
unprotected sex with multiple partners
Epididymitis Manifestations
indicators of infection (fever, chills, myalgia)
scrotal tenderness
erythema
edema
penile discharge
bloody semen
painful ejaculation
dysuria
groin pain
Candidiasis
yeast infection caused by Candida albicans (opportunistic infection that arise anywhere in the body)
not sexually transmitted but men may develop mild symptoms after having sex with infected partner; symptoms in males usually resolve w/o treatment
COMMON CAUSE OF VAGINITIS (PART OF NORMAL FLORA BUT IMBALANCE OCCURS WITH pH CHANGES)
Candidiasis Manifestations
thick, white vaginal discharge that resembles cottage cheese
vulvular erythema and edema
vaginal and labial itching and burning
white patches on vaginal wall
dysuria
painful sex
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
infection of the female reproductive system; bacteria usually ascend from vagina and can be either acute or chronic
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes
STIs
bacteria introduced during childbirth
endometrial procedures
abortions
bacterial invasion from bloodstream
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Complications
reproductive structure obstructions
peritonitis
abscesses
septicemia
adhesions
strictures
chronic pelvic pain
ectopic pregnancies
infertility
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Manifestations
indications of infection
pain/tenderness in pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back
abnormal vaginal and cervical discharge
bleeding after sex
painful sex
urinary frequency
dysuria
dysmenorrhea
amenorrhea
AUB (abnormal uterine bleeding)
anorexia
nausea and vomiting
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
infections that can be contracted through sex; more than 30 different sexually transmissible bacteria, viruses and parasites (protozoans); CHLAMYDIA, GONORRHEA, SYPHILIS
some can be transmitted from mother to child and childbirth through blood contact
some can be easily eradicated with treatments, others last forever
Chlamydia (Bacterial)
most common and rates increasing
transmitted through sex and mother to child during childbirth
INCREASES RISK FOR CONTRACTING STIs
Chlamydia Complications
neonatal conjunctivitis
PID
epididymitis
prostatitis
infertility
ectopic pregnancy
Chlamydia Manifestations
dysuria
purulent penile, vaginal or rectal discharge
testicular tenderness or pain
rectal pain
painful sex
Gonorrhea (Bacterial)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an aerobic bacteria with many drug-resistant strains
rates have started to increase, second most common STI
transmission through sex and mother to child during childbirth
Gonorrhea Complications
neonatal conjunctivitis
PID
epididymitis
prostatitis
infertility
ectopic pregnancy
arthritis
dermatitis
endocarditis
Gonorrhea Manifestations
dysuria
urinary frequency/urgency
penile, vaginal or rectal discharge
redness/edema at urinary meatus (men)
testicular tenderness/pair
rectal pain
painful sex
sore throat
white blisters that darken and disappear
Syphilis (Bacterial)
ulcerative infection caused by treponema pallidum, a sphirochete that requires a warm and moist environment to live
transmitted from skin to mucous membrane contact with chancres and from mother to child through placenta
occurs in several stages with long asymptomatic periods between each one; prevalence rates have remained constant for 50 yrs
Genital Herpes (Viral)
herpes simplex virus (HSV); transmitted through sex, direct skin to skin contact, and mother to fetus and risk of transmission is greatest when lesions are present; rate have been rising for 50 yrs and are highest in women and AAs
CONTRACTING DURING PREGNANCY GREATEST RISK TO FETUS
INCREASED RISK FOR OTHER STIs
HSV Type 1
occurs above waist as a cold sore; CAN AFFECT MOUTH OR GENITALS THROUGH ORAL-GENITAL CONTACT
recurrent episodes of lesions
HSV Type 2
occurs below the waist; CAN AFFECT MOUTH OR GENITALS THROUGH ORAL-GENITAL CONTACT
recurrent episodes of lesions
HSV Complications
spontaneous abortions
encephalitis
brain damage
HSV Pathogenesis
virus causes an initial infection at entry site and then travels along dermatome to the nerve root where it remains protected and dormant until next outbreak which occurs at same site
HSV Outbreaks
begin with a tingling or burning sensation at site before lesions appear (prodrome)
lesions first appear as a vesicle surrounded by erythema
vesicles rupture leaving a painful ulcerative lesion with watery exudate
crust forms over ulcer and heals in 3-4 weeks
Trichomoniasis (Protozoan)
caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (parasite), a one celled anaerobic that can burrows under mucosal lining; CANNOT SURVIVE IN MOUTH OR RECTUM
transmission occurs through sex and prolonged moisture exposure
Men: organism resides in urethra and causes no symptoms
Women: organism resides in vagina and becomes symptomatic when microbial imbalance occurs
Trichomoniasis Complications
infertility
PID
prostatitis
epididymitis
cervical cancer
Trichomoniasis Manifestations
excessive odorous, frothy, white or yellow green vaginal discharge
vagina and vulva irritation
itching
painful sex
dysuria
Cancer with high rate of treatment success
testicular cancer
Cancer with high mortality rates
ovarian cancer
Prostate Cancer
most common cancer in men, particularly AAs and second leading cause of cancer deaths
slow growing tumor with unknown cause; as it grows it obstructs urethra
Prostate Cancer Risk Factors
history of STIs
family history
high-fat diets
androgen hormone replacement
smoking
Prostate Cancer Manifestations
urinary difficulties
ED
bloody semen
hematuria
Testicular Cancer
uncommon but curable most common in 15-35 and white men, affecting one or both nuts; metastasis occurs to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bone and brain
slow growing (seminoma) or fast growing (nonseminoma)
RISK FACTORS: OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC OR A HARD PAINLESS AND PALPABLE MASS THAT DOESNT TRANSILLUMINATE; testicular discomfort or pain, enlargement of testicle and gynecomastia
Breast Cancer
most common malignancy in women, second leading cause of cancer death in women (white women highest rates)
MOST ARE ESTROGEN DEPENDENT AND ORIGINATE IN DUCT SYSTEM MAY ARISE IN LOBULES (early, the tumor is freely moving, tumor becomes fixed as cancer progresses)
metastasis can occur to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, brain, bone and liver
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
age
early onset of menstruation
family history
genetic predisposition (BRCA 1 and 2)
obesity
chest wall radiation
excessive alcohol consumption
exogenous estrogen exposure
Breast Cancer Manifestations
asymptomatic OR mass in breast/axillary that is hard, has uneven edges and painless
change in size, shape or feel of breast or nipple
nipple drainage that may be bloody, clear to yellow, green or purulent
Cervical Cancer
rates have been declining with screening advancements; almost all caused by HPV
HPV VACCINE; PAP SMEAR DETECTION
Cervical Cancer Manifestations
asymptomatic OR continuous vaginal discharge
abnormal bleeding between menstruation, after sex or after menopause
Endometrial Cancer
uterus; exact cause unknown; fourth most frequent cancer in women, eighth leading cause of cancer death (white women highest prevalence)
RISK FACTORS: excessive estrogen exposure, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension
Endometrial Cancer Manifestations
abnormal painless vaginal bleeding
nonbloody vaginal discharge
pelvic pain
weight loss
palpable abdominal mass
pain during sex
Ovarian Cancer
ninth most frequent cancer in women and fifth leading cause of cancer death (white women highest prevalence, OFTEN METASTASIZED AT DIAGNOSIS)
Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors
genetic predisposition (BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)
advancing age
infertility
excessive estrogen exposure
obesity
androgen hormone therapy
Ovarian Cancer Manifestations
abdominal distention
pelvic pain
eating disturbances
bowel pattern changes
GI discomfort
pain during sex
malaise
urinary frequency
menstruation changes
Candidiasis Causes
antibiotic therapy
bubble baths
feminine products
decreased immune response
increased glucose in vaginal secretions
