Respiratory Systems Flashcards
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inspired (breathed in) per breath
What is Inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air forcibly inspired on top of tidal volume.
What is Expiratory reserve volume?
is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.
Define Residual volume
The amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation
What is the definition of vital capacity?
The most air you can inhale after a full exhalation (breath out)
Define minute ventilation
the amount of air inhaled/exhaled per minute
How is minute ventilation calculated?
Tidal volume x frequency
Why does it take longer for minute ventilation to return to resting rate after maximal exercise?
- This is due to the build up of lactic acid which needs to be removed.
- Breathing rate stays the same to get rid of the lactic acid.
How is alveoli suited to gaseous exchange?
- One cell thick/short diffusion pathway
- semi permeable
- Large surface area
- high amount of capillaries/large blood supply
Define the Principle of diffusion
Gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
How do gases move to and from the alveoli and capillaries.
PP of O2 in the alveoli is high and the PP of O2 in the blood is low.
CO2 moves from the blood because the PP of CO2 in the capillaries is high and the PP of CO2 in the alveoli is low.
Describe the process of O2 moving from the blood to the muscles.
PP of O2 in blood is high and PP of O2 in muscles is low.
O2 will move from blood to capillaries
What are the effects of smoking on the respiratory system?
- Limits gaseous exchange as tar covers alveoli making it less efficient.
- narrow blood vessels causing higher blood pressure
- harder to transport O2 to muscles and heart has to work harder for longer
- Damages cilia- more bad things enter the lungs
What are the impacts of a sedentary lifestyle on respiratory systems?
- Less power to weight ratio, you have less power to the weight you carry
- Fatty deposits make the transport of O2 less efficient
- this makes it harder to transport O2 to the muscles
- Harder to get a bigger depth of breathing
What are the 4 processes of the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
- Stretch receptors detect over inflation/stretching
- Use vegas nerves to send impulses to the medulla
- Medulla shortens inspiratory times as tidal volume increases
- The acceleration in breathing prevents over inflation.
What are the 4 receptors?
- Chemoreceptors
- Baroreceptors
- proprioceptors
- stretch receptors
What do each of the receptors do?
- Chemoreceptors detect change in blood acidity and CO2 levels and a decrease in blood pH
- Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure
- Proprioceptors detect changes in muscle length
- Stretch receptors detect a change in lung inflation
What happens to vital capacity during exercise and why?
Stays the same because you cannot change your lung capacity during exercise.
What does the intercostal nerve do?
They send impulses to the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles to increase respiratory rate
How is breathing rate controlled in basketball during exercise?
Stretch Receptors send impulses->medulla oblongata which sends impulses->phrenic nerve->inspiratory muscles contract-> more air can be breathed in
Describe the process of minute ventilation
- Demand for O2 increases in the working muscles
- TV and BR increase to compensate for this
- Minute ventilation increases
What happens to the diaphragm and intercostal nerves when we inhale?
- Intercostal nerves and diaphragm contract to expand the chest
- As we breathe in the diaphragm flattens and moves down
- intercostals move ribs up and out, decreasing the pressure in the lungs allowing for air to rush into the lungs.
What is vascular shunting?
- When the body sends oxygenated blood to the muscles which need the most oxygen during exercise
Why is vascular shunting important?
- It stops the muscles fatiguing
- Prevents lactic acid build up
What is involved in the Respiratory system?
- Inspiratory system
receptors -> medulla -> Phrenic nerve -> Diaphragm + External intercostals - Expiratory system
receptors -> medulla -> Intercostal nerve -> Abdominals + Internal intercostals
What is Bohr Shift?
- An increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the bond of haemoglobin for oxygen
- during exercise more oxygen is transported to muscles
- so haemoglobin less saturated with oxygen quicker
