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MBChB - Y1 - Semester 2 Cardio and Resp (Anatomy) > Respiratory System Thorax 1 (WHITE BOOKLET) > Flashcards

Respiratory System Thorax 1 (WHITE BOOKLET) Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you locate a demifacet?

A

On the vertebral body

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2
Q

Why can gall bladder illness present itself as shoulder pain?

A

Compression of C3,4,5 phrenic nerve which supplies shoulder

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3
Q

Why does the vena cava travel through the central tendon?

A

No contraction of central tendon - therefore there is no impedence of blood flow

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4
Q

Which bones articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles?

A

Clavicle

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5
Q

What type of joint is the sternocalvicular joint?

A

Saddle joint

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6
Q

What is the name of the notch at the superior border of the manubrium?

A

Jugular notch

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7
Q

What vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?

A

T9-T10

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8
Q

What vertebral level is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Disc of T4 - so between T4 and T5

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9
Q

Which rib articulates with the manubiosternal joint?

A

2nd

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10
Q

What does the tubercule of a rib articulate with?

A

Transverse process of the vertebrae of the same level

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11
Q

Which structures lie in the intercostal groove?

A

VAN

Vein, arteries, nerve (intercostal)

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12
Q

What is meant by a true rib?

A

Attach to sternum with costal cartilage

Ribs 1-7

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13
Q

What is meant by a false rib?

A

Cartilage attaches to cartilage superior

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14
Q

What is the joint found between costal cartilage?

A

Interchondral joint

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15
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A

No connection to the sternum

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16
Q

What two parts of the vertebra form the neural arch?

A

Pedicle and the lamina

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17
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Difficulty breathing

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18
Q

Which intercostal muscle layer is orientated inferoanteriorly?

A

Intercostal externus

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19
Q

Which intercostal muscle layers are orientated inferoposteriorly?

A

Intercostal internus

Intercostal innermost

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20
Q

What space does the external intercostal muscle fill up?

A

All the space as far as the costochondral junction anteriorly

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21
Q

What fills up the remaining part of the space between the between the sternum and the costochondral junction?

A

External intercostal membrane

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22
Q

What space does the internal intercostal muscle fill up?

A

Sternum to costal angle

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23
Q

What extends the internal intercostal muscle?

A

Internal intercostal membrane

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24
Q

What extends the innermost intercostal muscle?

A

Transversus thoracis muscles (most anterior)

Subcostalis muscles

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25
Q

Where can you find a collateral branch?

A

Just above the top of each rib

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26
Q

What are the tissue layers of the chest wall?

A 
Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle
Parietal pleura of the lung
Pleaural cavity
Visceral pleura
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27
Q

Where are axillary lymph nodes?

A

Root of the upper limb

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28
Q

Where are the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Root of the lower limb

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29
Q

Where are the pectoral lymph nodes?

A

Around the pectoralis major muscle

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30
Q

What lymph nodes are found around the bifurcation of the trachea of the thorax?

A

(Tracheobronchial)

31
Q

Where are lumbar and pelvic lymph nodes?

A

Around the root of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis

32
Q

Where do you find superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

Superficial and deep groups in the head and neck

33
Q

Where does over 75% of lymph particularly from the lateral quadrants drain?

A

First to anterior (pectoral) group of axillary lymph nodes.

34
Q

Where does the remainder of lymph drain to (that doesn’t drain into the anterior group of axillary lymph nodes)?

A 
Parasternal lymph nodes - Anterior ends of the intercostal spaces
Opposite breast
Abdominal nodes (lower quadrants)
35
Q

Where is the base of the breast located (the glandular part)?

A

Between the ribs 2-6

Between the lateral border of the sternum and the midaxillary line

36
Q

Describe the structure of the base of the breast

A

Divided into 16-20 lobes, surrounded by extensive adipose tissue

37
Q

What is the placement of the axillary tail?

A

Extends superolaterally to penetrate the floor of the axilal

Lies in close proximity to the auxiliary lymph nodes

38
Q

What cardiac structure is firmly attached to the central tendon?

A

Fibrous pericardium

39
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Abnormal protrusion of a structure through into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm.

40
Q

What is forced inspiration?

A

Involves the action of accessory muscles

41
Q

Where do you find accessory muscles?

A

Attach to the superior and inferior boundaries of the thoracic cavity

Muscles of the neck attaching to the sternum and upper ribs, muscles of the abdomen that attach to the lower ribs

42
Q

What supplies the larynx?

A

Supplies almost entirely by the branches of the vagus nerve for both motor and sensory innervation.

43
Q

Which cartilage forms the adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

44
Q

Where does the LRT receive motor innervation from?

A

Sympathetic fibres originating in the upper thoracic spinal levels, via pulmonary plexuses located at the termination of the main bronchi, and the parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve.

45
Q

What type of sensory fibres travel from the LRT to spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres

46
Q

Where does arterial supply arise in the LRT?

A

Via bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries.

47
Q

Where do bronchial veins drain to?

A

Azygous venous system

48
Q

How many half complete hyaline cartilage rings compose the trachea?

A

Between 15 and 20

49
Q

What is the name of the muscle that completes the ring of the trachea posteriorly?

A

Trachealis muscle

50
Q

What is the keel shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

Carina of trachea

51
Q

What are the arteries lying lateral to the trachea in the neck?

A

Common carotid arteries

52
Q

What is the nerve lying lateral to the trachea on both sides of the trachea?

A

Vagus nerve

53
Q

What is the name of the grooves lying between the trachea and the oesophagus on both sides

A

Tracheo-oesophageal grooves

54
Q

Which of the two main bronchi is the shorter, wider and more vertical?

A

Right

Aspirated objects are more likely to pass through here

55
Q

Which two major arteries pass over the left bronchus?

A

Pulmonary artery and the aorta

56
Q

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

A

The cervical pleura

57
Q

Does the lung extend above the first rib and clavicle?

A

Yes

58
Q

What makes up the functional segment of a lung?

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

Supplied by a tertiary bronchus and an accompanying branch of the pulmonary artery and bronchial artery and vein

59
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments exist in the right lung and left?

A

10 segments in the right

8 or 9 in the left

60
Q

What do the two visceral layers attach to ?

A

Parietal - Inner wall of chest cavity

Visceral- adherent to lung tissue

61
Q

What does the mediastinal pleura line?

A

The structures situated between the two pleural cavities

62
Q

What does the diaphragmatic pleura line?

A

Superior surface of the diaphragm

63
Q

What does the costal pleura line?

A

The inner surfaces of the ribs and sternum

64
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the intrapleural space

65
Q

Which parts of the parietal pleura does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

Mediastinal and diaphragmatic

Remainder supplied by intercostal nerves

66
Q

Where is the best space for a pleural aspiration?

A

9th intercostal space in the midaxillary line

If performed in the 10th intercostal space there is a risk of penetrating the abdominal cavity

67
Q

What is the structure of the extrapulmonary tubes?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, cartilage and adventitia

68
Q

What is the mucosa comprised of?

A

2 layers

Epithelium
Loose connective tissue called lamina propria

69
Q

What type of cells are found in the epithelial layer?

A

Goblet cells
Basal cells
Ciliated cells

70
Q

What is the epithelium of the bronchiole?

A

Columnar or cuboidal

71
Q

Is there smooth muscle in the bronchiole?

A

Yes, and cilia

No glands or cartilage though

72
Q

What three types of cells are found in the wall of the alveolus?

A

Type 1 + 2 pneumocytes

Macrophages - ingests foreign material that reaches the alveoli

73
Q

What two types of connective tissue fibres predominate in the respiratory portion of the lung tissue?

A

Reticular and elastic fibres

MBChB - Y1 - Semester 2 Cardio and Resp (Anatomy) (4 decks)

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