Respiratory System Thorax 1 Flashcards
What is the super thoracic arpeture?
It describes the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity
What is the superior thoracic arpeture referred to as:
- Anatomically?
- Clinically?
Clinically - Thoracic Outlet
Anatomically - Thoracic inlet
What is the superior thoracic arpeture bounded by?
The first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly,
The first pair of ribs laterally,
The costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.
What does the head of the first rib articulate with?
The body of the first thoracic vertebra
What separates the two shallow grooves on the upper surface of the body of the first rib?
The scalene tubercule, (for attatchment of the anterior scalene muscle)
What does the anterior groove of the first rib lodge?
It lodges the subclavien vein
What does the posterior groove of the first rib lodge?
It lodges the subclavien artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus
Which two vertebral bodies does the head of a rib articulate with?
The body of the same number as well as the body of the vertebra above
What is the name given to the joint between the vertebral body and the head of a rib?
Costovertebral joints
What comprises the costotransverse joint?
The tubercule of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number
Name the ligaments shown
What is the inferior thoracic arperture bounded by?
The 12th thoracic vertebra (posteriorly)
The 11th and 12th ribs (laterally)
Costal cartilages of ribs 7 through 10 and the xiphisternal joint anteriorly
What does the thoraco abdominal diaphragm separate?
The inferior thoracic arpeture and the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity.
WHat does the left side of the chest wall drain into?
The thoracic duct
What does the right side of the chest wall drain into?
The right lymphatic duct
What are the three attachments of the diaphragm?
Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
Xiphoid process of the sternum
What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?
The central tendon
What are the left and right crura?
Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebra and are tendinous in structure
Where does the right crus arise from?
L1-L3
Why do some of the fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening?
Helps prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus
Where does the left crus arise from?
L1 - L2 and thier intervertebral discs
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity
Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?
Anterior rami of C3, C4 (mainly), and C5
What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve?
Pierces and innervtes the diaphragm from its inferior surface
What are the sensory funcitons of the phrenic nerve?
Supplies the central part of the diaphragm.
What are the peripheral portions of the diaphragm innervated by?
The sensory fibres from intercostal nerves T7 - T12
What level is the caval opening?
T8
What does the caval opening pass through and what does it transmit?
Opening passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It transmits the inferior vena cava & the right phrenic nerve.
What level can you find the oesophageal hiatus?
T10
What does the oesophageal hiatus pass through and what does it transmit?
Through the muscular sling of the right crus. It transmits the oesophagus and both vagus nerves.
Where can you find the aortic hiatus?
T12 - between the left and right crus
What does the aortic hiatus transmit?
Aorta, azygous vein, hemizygous vein and the thoracic duct
What does the upper respiratory tract refer to?
The parts of the respiratory system lying above the sternal angle or above the cricoid cartilage
What is sometimes included in the lower and upper airway?
The larynx
What does the lower resiratory tract consist of?
the trachea, bronchi (primary secondary and tertiary), bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory), and lungs (including alveoli)
What does the term respiratory/ tracheobronchial tree used to refer to?
The branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs
What does the tracheobronchial tree include?
The trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles
What is the difference between the conducting portion and the respiratory portion?
No gas exchange vs gas exchange
What does the conducting portion contain?
Trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
What does the respiratory portion contain?
Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and the alveolus
What are lobar bronchi?
The secondary division of the bronchi that supply the different lobes of the lungs
What is a segmental bronchus?
Another word for tertiray bronchi, when the lobar bronchi further divides
What is the terminal bronchiole?
The last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli, i.e., one whose sole function is gas conduction; it subdivides into respiratory bronchioles.
Where is the larynx found?
The anterior neck between C3-C6
Where does the larynx extend to and from?
From the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the circoid cartilage
Label the following colours
What innervates the larynx?
Branches of the vagus nerve
What is the level of the hyoid bone?
C2/C3
What level is the thyrohyoid membrane?
C4
What level is the laryngeal prominence? (Adam’s apple)
C5
What level is the cricoid cartilage and the start of the trachea
C6
What are the borders of the lungs?
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
What are the lobes of the lungs?
Superior
Inferior
Middle (right lung only)
Lingula (left lung only)
What are the surfaces of the lungs?
Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
Where can you find the lung hilum?
On the mediastinal surface of the lung
What is the lung root?
The group of structures that enters or leaves the lung hilum
What does the lung root contain?
Bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves
Label the diagram
What is the name given to the additional bronchus hilum?
Epiarterial bronchus
What is the name given to the right main bronchus?
The hyparterial bronchus
Label the:
- A. Visceral pleura
- B. Parietal pleura
What supplies the parietal pleura?
Somatic nerves (intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve)
What supplies the visceral pleura?
Autonomic nerves (T2 - T5)
Which visceral pleura is pain sensitive?
Parietal pleura
What is a pleural reflection?
Where the pleura changes its direction of travel
What is a pleural recess?
The increased space between the layers of recess occuring at the pleural reflections
Label the following structures
Fill in the blanks
What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?
The line of the 4th rib anteriorly
Where do you find the oblique fissure?
Begins at the spine of T3 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly
Look at this histology picture
How does the epithelium change from trachea to alveoli?
Columnar - cuboidal - squamous
How does the cartilage change as the tubes get smaller and smaller in the lung?
Cartilage reduces from rings - small plates - complete absence in the bronchioles
How does the abundance of the mucous secreting glands and goblet cells change as the tubes become smaller and smaller?
Decreases - complete absence in bronchioles
