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MBChB - Y1 - Semester 2 Cardio and Resp (Anatomy) > Respiratory System Thorax 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Thorax 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the super thoracic arpeture?

A

It describes the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is the superior thoracic arpeture referred to as:

  • Anatomically?
  • Clinically?
A

Clinically - Thoracic Outlet

Anatomically - Thoracic inlet

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3
Q

What is the superior thoracic arpeture bounded by?

A

The first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly,

The first pair of ribs laterally,

The costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.

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4
Q

What does the head of the first rib articulate with?

A

The body of the first thoracic vertebra

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5
Q

What separates the two shallow grooves on the upper surface of the body of the first rib?

A

The scalene tubercule, (for attatchment of the anterior scalene muscle)

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6
Q

What does the anterior groove of the first rib lodge?

A

It lodges the subclavien vein

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7
Q

What does the posterior groove of the first rib lodge?

A

It lodges the subclavien artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

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8
Q

Which two vertebral bodies does the head of a rib articulate with?

A

The body of the same number as well as the body of the vertebra above

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9
Q

What is the name given to the joint between the vertebral body and the head of a rib?

A

Costovertebral joints

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10
Q

What comprises the costotransverse joint?

A

The tubercule of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number

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11
Q

Name the ligaments shown

A
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12
Q

What is the inferior thoracic arperture bounded by?

A

The 12th thoracic vertebra (posteriorly)

The 11th and 12th ribs (laterally)

Costal cartilages of ribs 7 through 10 and the xiphisternal joint anteriorly

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13
Q

What does the thoraco abdominal diaphragm separate?

A

The inferior thoracic arpeture and the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity.

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14
Q

WHat does the left side of the chest wall drain into?

A

The thoracic duct

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15
Q

What does the right side of the chest wall drain into?

A

The right lymphatic duct

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16
Q

What are the three attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments

Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12

Xiphoid process of the sternum

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17
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon

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18
Q

What are the left and right crura?

A

Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebra and are tendinous in structure

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19
Q

Where does the right crus arise from?

A

L1-L3

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20
Q

Why do some of the fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening?

A

Helps prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus

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21
Q

Where does the left crus arise from?

A

L1 - L2 and thier intervertebral discs

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22
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

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23
Q

Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

Anterior rami of C3, C4 (mainly), and C5

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24
Q

What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve?

A

Pierces and innervtes the diaphragm from its inferior surface

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25
Q

What are the sensory funcitons of the phrenic nerve?

A

Supplies the central part of the diaphragm.

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26
Q

What are the peripheral portions of the diaphragm innervated by?

A

The sensory fibres from intercostal nerves T7 - T12

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27
Q

What level is the caval opening?

A

T8

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28
Q

What does the caval opening pass through and what does it transmit?

A

Opening passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It transmits the inferior vena cava & the right phrenic nerve.

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29
Q

What level can you find the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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30
Q

What does the oesophageal hiatus pass through and what does it transmit?

A

Through the muscular sling of the right crus. It transmits the oesophagus and both vagus nerves.

31
Q

Where can you find the aortic hiatus?

A

T12 - between the left and right crus

32
Q

What does the aortic hiatus transmit?

A

Aorta, azygous vein, hemizygous vein and the thoracic duct

33
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract refer to?

A

The parts of the respiratory system lying above the sternal angle or above the cricoid cartilage

34
Q

What is sometimes included in the lower and upper airway?

A

The larynx

35
Q

What does the lower resiratory tract consist of?

A

the trachea, bronchi (primary secondary and tertiary), bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory), and lungs (including alveoli)

36
Q

What does the term respiratory/ tracheobronchial tree used to refer to?

A

The branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs

37
Q

What does the tracheobronchial tree include?

A

The trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles

38
Q

What is the difference between the conducting portion and the respiratory portion?

A

No gas exchange vs gas exchange

39
Q

What does the conducting portion contain?

A

Trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

40
Q

What does the respiratory portion contain?

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and the alveolus

41
Q

What are lobar bronchi?

A

The secondary division of the bronchi that supply the different lobes of the lungs

42
Q

What is a segmental bronchus?

A

Another word for tertiray bronchi, when the lobar bronchi further divides

43
Q

What is the terminal bronchiole?

A

The last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli, i.e., one whose sole function is gas conduction; it subdivides into respiratory bronchioles.

44
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

The anterior neck between C3-C6

45
Q

Where does the larynx extend to and from?

A

From the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the circoid cartilage

46
Q

Label the following colours

A
47
Q

What innervates the larynx?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve

48
Q

What is the level of the hyoid bone?

A

C2/C3

49
Q

What level is the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

C4

50
Q

What level is the laryngeal prominence? (Adam’s apple)

A

C5

51
Q

What level is the cricoid cartilage and the start of the trachea

A

C6

52
Q

What are the borders of the lungs?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Inferior

53
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs?

A

Superior

Inferior

Middle (right lung only)

Lingula (left lung only)

54
Q

What are the surfaces of the lungs?

A

Costal

Mediastinal

Diaphragmatic

55
Q

Where can you find the lung hilum?

A

On the mediastinal surface of the lung

56
Q

What is the lung root?

A

The group of structures that enters or leaves the lung hilum

57
Q

What does the lung root contain?

A

Bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves

58
Q

Label the diagram

A
59
Q

What is the name given to the additional bronchus hilum?

A

Epiarterial bronchus

60
Q

What is the name given to the right main bronchus?

A

The hyparterial bronchus

61
Q

Label the:

  • A. Visceral pleura
  • B. Parietal pleura
A
62
Q

What supplies the parietal pleura?

A

Somatic nerves (intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve)

63
Q

What supplies the visceral pleura?

A

Autonomic nerves (T2 - T5)

64
Q

Which visceral pleura is pain sensitive?

A

Parietal pleura

65
Q

What is a pleural reflection?

A

Where the pleura changes its direction of travel

66
Q

What is a pleural recess?

A

The increased space between the layers of recess occuring at the pleural reflections

67
Q

Label the following structures

A
68
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
69
Q

What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?

A

The line of the 4th rib anteriorly

70
Q

Where do you find the oblique fissure?

A

Begins at the spine of T3 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly

71
Q

Look at this histology picture

A
72
Q

How does the epithelium change from trachea to alveoli?

A

Columnar - cuboidal - squamous

73
Q

How does the cartilage change as the tubes get smaller and smaller in the lung?

A

Cartilage reduces from rings - small plates - complete absence in the bronchioles

74
Q

How does the abundance of the mucous secreting glands and goblet cells change as the tubes become smaller and smaller?

A

Decreases - complete absence in bronchioles

MBChB - Y1 - Semester 2 Cardio and Resp (Anatomy) (4 decks)

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