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Physiology > Respiratory System Test Two > Flashcards

Respiratory System Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

Fxn of the Respiratory system.

A

To supply oxygen to and remove CO2 from the blood flowing through pulmonary arteries and veins.

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2
Q

The elimination of CO2 plays a role in ____ balance.

A

pH of ECF

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3
Q

What are the four processes of respiration?

A
  1. Exchange air between atmosphere and alveoli (Ventilation)
  2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries by simple diffusion
  3. Transporting O2 and CO2 through the body by blood
  4. Exchange O2 nd CO2 between capillaries and body tissue by simple diffusion
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4
Q

What is the path of air flow?

A

Pharynx…layrnx…trachea…primary bronchioles…secondary bronchioles..tertiary broncioles…respiratory bronchioles…alveolar ducts…alveoli

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5
Q

Describe the alveoli.

A

Almost completely covered with capillaries,

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6
Q

What is a type II alveolar cell?

A

Produces surfactant which keeps the alveoli from collapsing on itself. Surfactant is detergent like.

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7
Q

T or F: The lungs are inside the pleural cavity?

A

False-the lungs are not IN the pleural cavity, they are surrounded by it.

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8
Q

T or F: The parietal pleural and visceral pleural membranes are discontinuous.

A

False they are continuous. (Balloon analogy)

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9
Q

What is the pleural fluid? Significance of this?

A

Mostly water and some proteins. Water is sticky and causes the parietal and visceral pleura to pull on each other to reduce friction.

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10
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure in the atmosphere. 760 mmHg Patm

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11
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

Palv. Pressure within the alveoli exerted by air molecules essential pressure inside the lungs.

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12
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Ppl or Pip. Hydrostatic fluid pressure within the pleural cavity.

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13
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Simultaneous movement of all substances making up a gas or liquid from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.

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14
Q

How do you calculate airflow into and out of the lungs?

A

F=(Palv-Patm)/R

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15
Q

What is Atm in the lungs?

A

0mmHg

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16
Q

What is alveolar pressure between breaths?

A

No airflow between breaths- 0

Palv-Patm/R

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17
Q

Compare Palv to Patm during inspiration.

A

Palv

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18
Q

Compare Palv to Patm during expiration.

A

Palv>Patm. Flow is positive and driving force for flow is outwards.

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19
Q

What is key to inspire or expire?

A

Changing the alveolar pressure. (By changing the transpulmonary pressure)

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20
Q

Describe Boyles law.

A

When volume is increased pressure decreases.
When volume is decreased pressure increases.
P1V1=P2V2

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21
Q

How do you change alveolar pressure?

A

By changing the transpulmonary pressure.

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22
Q

What is Transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference n pressure between the inside and outside of the lungs. Or in other words the difference across the lung wall.

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23
Q

How do you calculate the transpulmonary pressure?

A

Palv-Ppl

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24
Q

What kind of pressure is alveolar and pleural?

A

Alveolar pressure is expanding force while pleural pressure is a collapsing force. These two push against each other.

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25
Q

What is the Ppl between breaths?

A

-4 mm Hg, slightly less than Atmospheric pressure

So at this point transpulmonary pressure is 0-(-4)=4

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26
Q

How do you make Pleural pressure more negative?

A

Increase the size of the pleural cavity. This increases the volume of the cavity decreasing the pressure exerted making transpulmonary pressure increase to +6.

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27
Q

What muscle helps inspiration by raising the ribs up

A

External Intercostal

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28
Q

What happens when alveolar pressure is decreased?

A

The volume in the lungs are expanding and due to this the alveoli are being stretched increasing their volume allowing air flow in.

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29
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Difference in pressure between alveolar and intrapleural pressure

30
Q

What happens to the visceral pleura when the lungs recoil?

A

It pulls the visceral pleura away from the parietal pleura

31
Q

What is the equation for bulk flow?

A

Flow=(Palv-Patm)/R

32
Q

What is alveolar pressure between breaths, and how does the lung wall not collapse?

A

The Palv between breaths is 0 as their is no air flow. Intrapleural pressure keeps from collapsing.

33
Q

Palv is _____ to Patm during inspiration.

A

Less than

* Flow is negative and driving force for flow is in. High pressure outside the lungs low pressure inside pulls air in

34
Q

During expiration Palv is _____ Patm. Flow is ____ and driving force for flow is ____.

A

Greater than, positive, outward

35
Q

Between breaths what is Ppl?

A

-4mm Hg, slightly less than Patm. This would make Transpulmonary pressure +4mm Hg.

36
Q

Choose the correct option:
A. Lungs expand because air flows in
B. Air flows in because lungs expand
C. Oxygen and Nitrogen are drawn to the low concentration in the body

A

B

37
Q

What is the reason for Negative pleural pressure?

A

As the lung collapses due to recoil force it pulls away from the thoracic wall causing an enlargement of the intrapleural fluid cavity. Boyles Law!

38
Q

Why do lungs collapse with a pneumothorax?

A

When air is introduced into the chest cavity it causes the pressure inside the pleural cavity to become 0 rather than negative.

39
Q

Where does the force for expiration come from?

A

Recoil of the elastic fibers in the lung.

40
Q

Describe what occurs during expiration?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostals relax. Pleural cavity size decreases, pleural pressure becomes less negative, transpulmonary pressure becaomes less than elastic recoil, lungs recoil and compress alveoli forcing air out.

41
Q

What is Tidal Volume? (TV).

A

Amount of air that the lungs can inspire or expire in one breath.

42
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume? (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled at top of tidal inspiration

43
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled at the bottom of the tidal expiration.

44
Q

What is Residual Volume? (RV)

A

Amount of air in lungs after maximum expiration. Keeps alveoli inflated and mixes with fresh air next inhalation.

45
Q

Inspiration Capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired following normal expiration. IC=TV+IRV

46
Q

Volume Capacity? (VC)

A

Maximun amount of air that can be expired following max inspiration. Total exchangeable air. VC=IRV+TV+ERV

47
Q

Functional Residual Capacity? (FRC)

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration allowing for gas exchange between breaths so exchange is not intermittent. Air between breaths.
FRC=ERV+RV

48
Q

Total Lung Capacity?

A

Amount of air in lungs at end of maximum inspiration.

TLC=IRV+TV+ERV+RV

49
Q

What is the minute respiratory volume?

A

TV x Respiratory rate in breaths per min

normally 6L/min

50
Q

What occurs during exercise to TV, IRV, VC and ERV?

A

TV needs to increase to keep up with the extra demand. For this to occur IRV or ERV must decrease and VC remains constant.

51
Q

Where does exchange of gas occur?

A

Only in the alveoli

52
Q

Describe how 500 mL of air flows in and out.

A

500 mL of air is expired in a tidal breath. However only 350 mL makes it out of the body, the other 150 mL is in the anatomical dead space in the conducting airways.
500 mL comes in the 150 mL left over gets pushed into alveoli with 350 mL of fresh air and mixes. 150 mL stays in conducing passages always.

53
Q

Explain the anatomical dead space?

A

Conducting pathways that do not permit gas exchange with blood

54
Q

Which is more effective at increasing Alveolar Ventillation? (Va)

A

Increasing the depth of breathing rather than the rate. If you increase the rate you will have a decreased Va.

55
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Stretch-ability of lungs. Magnitude of change in lung volume produced by change in TPP.

56
Q

What is compliance due to?

A

1/3 elastic tissues and 2/3 surface tension in alveoli

57
Q

What does type two alveolar cells do?

A

Decrease attraction between water molecules lowering surface tension and increasing compliance.

58
Q

What does epinephrine do to airways?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in the airways increasing the radius and decreasing the resistance.

59
Q

What do leukotrienes do to airways?

A

Increase the resistance by causing contraction of smooth muscles in the airway

60
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the pressure exerted by others in a mixture.

61
Q

Oxygen bound to hemoglobin participates in Po2?

A

False only free molecules

62
Q

Systemic venous blood becomes what?

A

Pulmonary arterial blood

63
Q

In the alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs what does a Po2 of 104 mmHg in alveolar air and 40 mmHg in pulmonary arterial blood favor?

A

Favors movement of oxygen into the Pulmonary arterial blood

64
Q

In the alveoli and blood flowing past lungs..what does a Pco2 of 40 mmHg in alveolar air and 46mmHg in pulmonary arterial blood favor?

A

Favors CO2 to into the air in the alveoli from the blood.

65
Q

Where is the partial pressure of Oxygen greater in alveolar air than pulmonary capillaries and why does this make sense?

A

It is greater at the arterial end of the capillaries so there is more diffusion out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries.

66
Q

Where is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide greatest?

A

In the pulmonary capillary plasma at the arterial end rather than in alveolar air so more CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar air.

67
Q

Oxygen is swapped for CO2 as blood moves through lungs?

A

True

68
Q

What happens to most oxygen in the blood?

A

It gets chemically bound to hemoglobin and 3mL is dissolved.

69
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule contains __ atoms of Fe, and each iron can bind __ O2 molecule.`

A

4, 1

70
Q

What causes a decrease in the Pco2?

A

Attraction of CO2 and water

Physiology (12 decks)

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