Physiology Test 2 Book

Question 1

Polyuria?

Answer 1

Increased urination

Question 2

Polydipsia?

Answer 2

high level of fluid intake, increased thirst

Question 3

How do loop diuretics work such as furanosamide would partially act by decreasing the osmolarity of the renal interstital fluid?

Answer 3

Loop diuretics work in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle which is crucial to the establishing the counter current multiplier hyperosmolarity. It makes the renal interstitial fluid hyperosmotic.

Question 4

Unwanted side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 4

Acidosis due to the decrease in bicarbonate re-absorption and loss in the urine

Question 5

Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol work where and what is the mechanism?

Answer 5

They inhibit water and solute reabsorption by increasing the osmolarity of tubular fluid in the proximal tubules

Question 6

Thiazide diuretics work where and what is the mechanism?

Answer 6

They inhibit NaCl co transport in luminal membrane and work in the early distal tubules

Question 7

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work where and how?

Answer 7

Inhibit H secretion and bicarb reabsorption which reduces Na reabsorption in proximal tubules

Question 8

Aldosterone antagonists work where and how?

Answer 8

Inhibit aldosterone on tubular receptor and decrease Na reabsorption and decrease K secretion in the Collecting tubules

Question 9

Where do sodium channel blockers work and how?

Answer 9

Block entry of Na into na channels of luminal membrane and decrease Na reabsorption and decrease K secretion. Collecting tubules

Question 10

General function of diuretics?

Answer 10

Increase the rate of urine volume output, most commonly used to treat edema and hypertension

Question 11

What can cause pre-renal AKI?

Answer 11

It is due to decreased blood flow through the kidneys this can be caused by heart failure due to a decreased CO and low BP or severe hemorrhaging.

Question 12

How does an intrarenal AKI occur?

Answer 12

From abnormalities within the kidney affecting blood vessels, glomeruli, or tubules

Question 13

How does a post renal AKI occur?

Answer 13

results from obstruction of the urinary collecting system. Most common cause is kidney stones

Question 14

What is oliguria?

Answer 14

decreased urine output, usually accompanied with a prerenal AKI due to decreased BP and GFR.

Question 15

What is anuria?

Answer 15

complete cessation of urination due to renal blood flow extremely reduced

Question 16

Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 16

Type of intrarenal AKI caused by abnormal immue reaction damaging glomeruli. STREPTOCOCCAL infection

Question 17

Tubular necrosis?

Answer 17

Cause of intrarenal acute renal failure. Destruction of epithelial cells in tubules due to severe ischemia or blood loss or poisons/medications destroying the epithelial cells

Tubular cells slough off and block nephrons so urine output doesn’t occur. If BM isn’t damaged then new tubular epi cells can grow along surface of membrane and repair within 10-20 days.

Question 18

Acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 18

caused by severe renal ischemia due to circulatory shock. Tubular cells slough off and block nephrons so urine output doesn’t occur

Question 19

Post renal AKI?

Answer 19

Multiple abnormalities in lower urinary tract that block or partially block urine flow. Caused by: bilateral obstruction of ureters bladder obstruction, urethra obstruction

Question 20

physiological affects of AKI?

Answer 20

Retention of water and other waste products leading to edema and high BP

Question 21

Benign nephrosclerosis?

Answer 21

Most common form of kidney disease is a vascular lesion in arteries in kidney leaking plasma through membrane of vessels.

Question 22

Glomerulosclerosis?

Answer 22

Damaged kidney tissues becomes replaced by fibrous tissue

Question 23

What is the most important stimuli for increasing H secretion by tubules in acidosis?

Answer 23

Increase in pCO2 of ECF in respiratory acidosis AND an increase in H concentration of ECF

Question 24

What occurs in alkalosis?

Answer 24

H secretion is reduced too low to achieve complete HCO3 reabsorption increasing the amount of HCO3 excretion.

Question 25

Under pathological conditions what hormone can cause an increase in H+ secretion?

Answer 25

Aldosterone as seen in patients with Conn’s syndrome. They increase secretion of H into tubular fluid and increases the amount of HCO3 added back to blood usually causing alkalosis.

Question 26

Compensatory response of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 26

Addition of new bicarb to the ECF by the kidneys which increases HCO3 plasma levels

Question 27

Metabolic acidosis compensatory response?

Answer 27

In met. acid. there is a decrease in pH and rise in H ecf concentration. The primary abnormality is a decrease in Bicarb. Response includes increasing ventillation rate which decreases pCO2 and also renal compensation of adding bicarb to ECF

Question 28

Respiratory alkalosis compensatory response?

Answer 28

response to a primary reduction in Pco2 is to reduce plasma HCO3 concentration caused by increased renal excretion of HCO3

Question 29

Metabolic alkalosis compensatory response?

Answer 29

caused by rise in ECF bicarb concentration it is compensatoed for decreasing ventillation which raises pCO2 and increase renal bicarb excretion.

Question 30

Achalasia?

Answer 30

lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax during swallowing

Question 31

Achlorhydria?

Answer 31

stomach fails to secrete HCl pH of gastric secretions fails to fall below 6.5

Question 32

Sprue?

Answer 32

Malabsorption by small intestinal mucosa

Question 33

Hirschprung’s disease?

Answer 33

megacolon. Constipation so severe bowel movements only occur every few days or once a week. Caused by deficiency or lackof ganglion cells in myenteric plexus in sigmoid colon

Question 34

Where do fats go instead of portal blood?

Answer 34

Absorbed into intestinal lymphatics and then conducted to systemic blood by the thoracic duct. Bypassing the liver.

Question 35

What causes increased blood flow during GI activity?

Answer 35

vasodilator substances such as peptide hm’s cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, and secretin.

GI glands also relase Kallidin and Bradykinin also vasodilators.

Decreased o2 concentration in the gut wall increases blood flow.